A Rationale-centric Counterfactual Data Augmentation Method for Cross-Document Event Coreference Resolution

Based on Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs), event coreference resolution (ECR) systems have demonstrated outstanding performance in clustering coreferential events across documents. However, the existing system exhibits an excessive reliance on the `triggers lexical matching' spurious pattern in the input mention pair text. We formalize the decision-making process of the baseline ECR system using a Structural Causal Model (SCM), aiming to identify spurious and causal associations (i.e., rationales) within the ECR task. Leveraging the debiasing capability of counterfactual data augmentation, we develop a rationale-centric counterfactual data augmentation method with LLM-in-the-loop. This method is specialized for pairwise input in the ECR system, where we conduct direct interventions on triggers and context to mitigate the spurious association while emphasizing the causation. Our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on three popular cross-document ECR benchmarks and demonstrates robustness in out-of-domain scenarios.

Generalizable Whole Slide Image Classification with Fine-Grained Visual-Semantic Interaction

Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification is often formulated as a Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) problem. Recently, Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in WSI classification. However, existing methods leverage coarse-grained pathogenetic descriptions for visual representation supervision, which are insufficient to capture the complex visual appearance of pathogenetic images, hindering the generalizability of models on diverse downstream tasks. Additionally, processing high-resolution WSIs can be computationally expensive. In this paper, we propose a novel "Fine-grained Visual-Semantic Interaction" (FiVE) framework for WSI classification. It is designed to enhance the model's generalizability by leveraging the interplay between localized visual patterns and fine-grained pathological semantics. Specifically, with meticulously designed queries, we start by utilizing a large language model to extract fine-grained pathological descriptions from various non-standardized raw reports. The output descriptions are then reconstructed into fine-grained labels used for training. By introducing a Task-specific Fine-grained Semantics (TFS) module, we enable prompts to capture crucial visual information in WSIs, which enhances representation learning and augments generalization capabilities significantly. Furthermore, given that pathological visual patterns are redundantly distributed across tissue slices, we sample a subset of visual instances during training. Our method demonstrates robust generalizability and strong transferability, dominantly outperforming the counterparts on the TCGA Lung Cancer dataset with at least 9.19% higher accuracy in few-shot experiments.

YOLO-OB: An improved anchor-free real-time multiscale colon polyp detector in colonoscopy

Colon cancer is expected to become the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States in 2023. Although colonoscopy is one of the most effective methods for early prevention of colon cancer, up to 30% of polyps may be missed by endoscopists, thereby increasing patients' risk of developing colon cancer. Though deep neural networks have been proven to be an effective means of enhancing the detection rate of polyps. However, the variation of polyp size brings the following problems: (1) it is difficult to design an efficient and sufficient multi-scale feature fusion structure; (2) matching polyps of different sizes with fixed-size anchor boxes is a hard challenge. These problems reduce the performance of polyp detection and also lower the model's training and detection efficiency. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a new model called YOLO-OB. Specifically, we developed a bidirectional multiscale feature fusion structure, BiSPFPN, which could enhance the feature fusion capability across different depths of a CNN. We employed the ObjectBox detection head, which used a center-based anchor-free box regression strategy that could detect polyps of different sizes on feature maps of any scale. Experiments on the public dataset SUN and the self-collected colon polyp dataset Union demonstrated that the proposed model significantly improved various performance metrics of polyp detection, especially the recall rate. Compared to the state-of-the-art results on the public dataset SUN, the proposed method achieved a 6.73% increase on recall rate from 91.5% to 98.23%. Furthermore, our YOLO-OB was able to achieve real-time polyp detection at a speed of 39 frames per second using a RTX3090 graphics card. The implementation of this paper can be found here: https://github.com/seanyan62/YOLO-OB.

Evaluating Open Question Answering Evaluation

This study focuses on the evaluation of Open Question Answering (Open-QA) tasks, which have become vital in the realm of artificial intelligence. Current automatic evaluation methods have shown limitations, indicating that human evaluation still remains the most reliable approach. We introduce a new task, QA Evaluation (QA-Eval), designed to assess the accuracy of AI-generated answers in relation to standard answers within Open-QA. Our evaluation of these methods utilizes human-annotated results, and we employ accuracy and F1 score to measure their performance. Specifically, the work investigates methods that show high correlation with human evaluations, deeming them more reliable. We also discuss the pitfalls of current methods, such as their inability to accurately judge responses that contain excessive information. The dataset generated from this work is expected to facilitate the development of more effective automatic evaluation tools. We believe this new QA-Eval task and corresponding dataset will prove valuable for future research in this area.