Can ChatGPT Detect DeepFakes? A Study of Using Multimodal Large Language Models for Media Forensics

DeepFakes, which refer to AI-generated media content, have become an increasing concern due to their use as a means for disinformation. Detecting DeepFakes is currently solved with programmed machine learning algorithms. In this work, we investigate the capabilities of multimodal large language models (LLMs) in DeepFake detection. We conducted qualitative and quantitative experiments to demonstrate multimodal LLMs and show that they can expose AI-generated images through careful experimental design and prompt engineering. This is interesting, considering that LLMs are not inherently tailored for media forensic tasks, and the process does not require programming. We discuss the limitations of multimodal LLMs for these tasks and suggest possible improvements.

Transcending Forgery Specificity with Latent Space Augmentation for Generalizable Deepfake Detection

Deepfake detection faces a critical generalization hurdle, with performance deteriorating when there is a mismatch between the distributions of training and testing data. A broadly received explanation is the tendency of these detectors to be overfitted to forgery-specific artifacts, rather than learning features that are widely applicable across various forgeries. To address this issue, we propose a simple yet effective detector called LSDA (\underline{L}atent \underline{S}pace \underline{D}ata \underline{A}ugmentation), which is based on a heuristic idea: representations with a wider variety of forgeries should be able to learn a more generalizable decision boundary, thereby mitigating the overfitting of method-specific features (see Figure. 1). Following this idea, we propose to enlarge the forgery space by constructing and simulating variations within and across forgery features in the latent space. This approach encompasses the acquisition of enriched, domain-specific features and the facilitation of smoother transitions between different forgery types, effectively bridging domain gaps. Our approach culminates in refining a binary classifier that leverages the distilled knowledge from the enhanced features, striving for a generalizable deepfake detector. Comprehensive experiments show that our proposed method is surprisingly effective and transcends state-of-the-art detectors across several widely used benchmarks.

Not Just Learning from Others but Relying on Yourself: A New Perspective on Few-Shot Segmentation in Remote Sensing

Few-shot segmentation (FSS) is proposed to segment unknown class targets with just a few annotated samples. Most current FSS methods follow the paradigm of mining the semantics from the support images to guide the query image segmentation. However, such a pattern of `learning from others' struggles to handle the extreme intra-class variation, preventing FSS from being directly generalized to remote sensing scenes. To bridge the gap of intra-class variance, we develop a Dual-Mining network named DMNet for cross-image mining and self-mining, meaning that it no longer focuses solely on support images but pays more attention to the query image itself. Specifically, we propose a Class-public Region Mining (CPRM) module to effectively suppress irrelevant feature pollution by capturing the common semantics between the support-query image pair. The Class-specific Region Mining (CSRM) module is then proposed to continuously mine the class-specific semantics of the query image itself in a `filtering' and `purifying' manner. In addition, to prevent the co-existence of multiple classes in remote sensing scenes from exacerbating the collapse of FSS generalization, we also propose a new Known-class Meta Suppressor (KMS) module to suppress the activation of known-class objects in the sample. Extensive experiments on the iSAID and LoveDA remote sensing datasets have demonstrated that our method sets the state-of-the-art with a minimum number of model parameters. Significantly, our model with the backbone of Resnet-50 achieves the mIoU of 49.58% and 51.34% on iSAID under 1-shot and 5-shot settings, outperforming the state-of-the-art method by 1.8% and 1.12%, respectively. The code is publicly available at https://github.com/HanboBizl/DMNet.

DeepfakeBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Deepfake Detection

A critical yet frequently overlooked challenge in the field of deepfake detection is the lack of a standardized, unified, comprehensive benchmark. This issue leads to unfair performance comparisons and potentially misleading results. Specifically, there is a lack of uniformity in data processing pipelines, resulting in inconsistent data inputs for detection models. Additionally, there are noticeable differences in experimental settings, and evaluation strategies and metrics lack standardization. To fill this gap, we present the first comprehensive benchmark for deepfake detection, called DeepfakeBench, which offers three key contributions: 1) a unified data management system to ensure consistent input across all detectors, 2) an integrated framework for state-of-the-art methods implementation, and 3) standardized evaluation metrics and protocols to promote transparency and reproducibility. Featuring an extensible, modular-based codebase, DeepfakeBench contains 15 state-of-the-art detection methods, 9 deepfake datasets, a series of deepfake detection evaluation protocols and analysis tools, as well as comprehensive evaluations. Moreover, we provide new insights based on extensive analysis of these evaluations from various perspectives (e.g., data augmentations, backbones). We hope that our efforts could facilitate future research and foster innovation in this increasingly critical domain. All codes, evaluations, and analyses of our benchmark are publicly available at https://github.com/SCLBD/DeepfakeBench.

UCF: Uncovering Common Features for Generalizable Deepfake Detection

Deepfake detection remains a challenging task due to the difficulty of generalizing to new types of forgeries. This problem primarily stems from the overfitting of existing detection methods to forgery-irrelevant features and method-specific patterns. The latter is often ignored by previous works. This paper presents a novel approach to address the two types of overfitting issues by uncovering common forgery features. Specifically, we first propose a disentanglement framework that decomposes image information into three distinct components: forgery-irrelevant, method-specific forgery, and common forgery features. To ensure the decoupling of method-specific and common forgery features, a multi-task learning strategy is employed, including a multi-class classification that predicts the category of the forgery method and a binary classification that distinguishes the real from the fake. Additionally, a conditional decoder is designed to utilize forgery features as a condition along with forgery-irrelevant features to generate reconstructed images. Furthermore, a contrastive regularization technique is proposed to encourage the disentanglement of the common and specific forgery features. Ultimately, we only utilize the common forgery features for the purpose of generalizable deepfake detection. Extensive evaluations demonstrate that our framework can perform superior generalization than current state-of-the-art methods.

Addressing Variable Dependency in GNN-based SAT Solving

Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) is fundamental to many applications. Existing works have used graph neural networks (GNNs) for (approximate) SAT solving. Typical GNN-based end-to-end SAT solvers predict SAT solutions concurrently. We show that for a group of symmetric SAT problems, the concurrent prediction is guaranteed to produce a wrong answer because it neglects the dependency among Boolean variables in SAT problems. % We propose AsymSAT, a GNN-based architecture which integrates recurrent neural networks to generate dependent predictions for variable assignments. The experiment results show that dependent variable prediction extends the solving capability of the GNN-based method as it improves the number of solved SAT instances on large test sets.

Landmark Enhanced Multimodal Graph Learning for Deepfake Video Detection

With the rapid development of face forgery technology, deepfake videos have attracted widespread attention in digital media. Perpetrators heavily utilize these videos to spread disinformation and make misleading statements. Most existing methods for deepfake detection mainly focus on texture features, which are likely to be impacted by external fluctuations, such as illumination and noise. Besides, detection methods based on facial landmarks are more robust against external variables but lack sufficient detail. Thus, how to effectively mine distinctive features in the spatial, temporal, and frequency domains and fuse them with facial landmarks for forgery video detection is still an open question. To this end, we propose a Landmark Enhanced Multimodal Graph Neural Network (LEM-GNN) based on multiple modalities' information and geometric features of facial landmarks. Specifically, at the frame level, we have designed a fusion mechanism to mine a joint representation of the spatial and frequency domain elements while introducing geometric facial features to enhance the robustness of the model. At the video level, we first regard each frame in a video as a node in a graph and encode temporal information into the edges of the graph. Then, by applying the message passing mechanism of the graph neural network (GNN), the multimodal feature will be effectively combined to obtain a comprehensive representation of the video forgery. Extensive experiments show that our method consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art (SOTA) on widely-used benchmarks.

HelixADMET: a robust and endpoint extensible ADMET system incorporating self-supervised knowledge transfer

Accurate ADMET (an abbreviation for "absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity") predictions can efficiently screen out undesirable drug candidates in the early stage of drug discovery. In recent years, multiple comprehensive ADMET systems that adopt advanced machine learning models have been developed, providing services to estimate multiple endpoints. However, those ADMET systems usually suffer from weak extrapolation ability. First, due to the lack of labelled data for each endpoint, typical machine learning models perform frail for the molecules with unobserved scaffolds. Second, most systems only provide fixed built-in endpoints and cannot be customised to satisfy various research requirements. To this end, we develop a robust and endpoint extensible ADMET system, HelixADMET (H-ADMET). H-ADMET incorporates the concept of self-supervised learning to produce a robust pre-trained model. The model is then fine-tuned with a multi-task and multi-stage framework to transfer knowledge between ADMET endpoints, auxiliary tasks, and self-supervised tasks. Our results demonstrate that H-ADMET achieves an overall improvement of 4%, compared with existing ADMET systems on comparable endpoints. Additionally, the pre-trained model provided by H-ADMET can be fine-tuned to generate new and customised ADMET endpoints, meeting various demands of drug research and development requirements.

FAIR1M: A Benchmark Dataset for Fine-grained Object Recognition in High-Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery

With the rapid development of deep learning, many deep learning-based approaches have made great achievements in object detection task. It is generally known that deep learning is a data-driven method. Data directly impact the performance of object detectors to some extent. Although existing datasets have included common objects in remote sensing images, they still have some limitations in terms of scale, categories, and images. Therefore, there is a strong requirement for establishing a large-scale benchmark on object detection in high-resolution remote sensing images. In this paper, we propose a novel benchmark dataset with more than 1 million instances and more than 15,000 images for Fine-grAined object recognItion in high-Resolution remote sensing imagery which is named as FAIR1M. All objects in the FAIR1M dataset are annotated with respect to 5 categories and 37 sub-categories by oriented bounding boxes. Compared with existing detection datasets dedicated to object detection, the FAIR1M dataset has 4 particular characteristics: (1) it is much larger than other existing object detection datasets both in terms of the quantity of instances and the quantity of images, (2) it provides more rich fine-grained category information for objects in remote sensing images, (3) it contains geographic information such as latitude, longitude and resolution, (4) it provides better image quality owing to a careful data cleaning procedure. To establish a baseline for fine-grained object recognition, we propose a novel evaluation method and benchmark fine-grained object detection tasks and a visual classification task using several State-Of-The-Art (SOTA) deep learning-based models on our FAIR1M dataset. Experimental results strongly indicate that the FAIR1M dataset is closer to practical application and it is considerably more challenging than existing datasets.