Exploring Concept Depth: How Large Language Models Acquire Knowledge at Different Layers?

This paper studies the phenomenon that different concepts are learned in different layers of large language models, i.e. more difficult concepts are fully acquired with deeper layers. We define the difficulty of concepts by the level of abstraction, and here it is crudely categorized by factual, emotional, and inferential. Each category contains a spectrum of tasks, arranged from simple to complex. For example, within the factual dimension, tasks range from lie detection to categorizing mathematical problems. We employ a probing technique to extract representations from different layers of the model and apply these to classification tasks. Our findings reveal that models tend to efficiently classify simpler tasks, indicating that these concepts are learned in shallower layers. Conversely, more complex tasks may only be discernible at deeper layers, if at all. This paper explores the implications of these findings for our understanding of model learning processes and internal representations. Our implementation is available at \url{https://github.com/Luckfort/CD}.

KG-Rank: Enhancing Large Language Models for Medical QA with Knowledge Graphs and Ranking Techniques

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced healthcare innovation on generation capabilities. However, their application in real clinical settings is challenging due to potential deviations from medical facts and inherent biases. In this work, we develop an augmented LLM framework, KG-Rank, which leverages a medical knowledge graph (KG) with ranking and re-ranking techniques, aiming to improve free-text question-answering (QA) in the medical domain. Specifically, upon receiving a question, we initially retrieve triplets from a medical KG to gather factual information. Subsequently, we innovatively apply ranking methods to refine the ordering of these triplets, aiming to yield more precise answers. To the best of our knowledge, KG-Rank is the first application of ranking models combined with KG in medical QA specifically for generating long answers. Evaluation of four selected medical QA datasets shows that KG-Rank achieves an improvement of over 18% in the ROUGE-L score. Moreover, we extend KG-Rank to open domains, where it realizes a 14% improvement in ROUGE-L, showing the effectiveness and potential of KG-Rank.

Consistent and Asymptotically Statistically-Efficient Solution to Camera Motion Estimation

Given 2D point correspondences between an image pair, inferring the camera motion is a fundamental issue in the computer vision community. The existing works generally set out from the epipolar constraint and estimate the essential matrix, which is not optimal in the maximum likelihood (ML) sense. In this paper, we dive into the original measurement model with respect to the rotation matrix and normalized translation vector and formulate the ML problem. We then propose a two-step algorithm to solve it: In the first step, we estimate the variance of measurement noises and devise a consistent estimator based on bias elimination; In the second step, we execute a one-step Gauss-Newton iteration on manifold to refine the consistent estimate. We prove that the proposed estimate owns the same asymptotic statistical properties as the ML estimate: The first is consistency, i.e., the estimate converges to the ground truth as the point number increases; The second is asymptotic efficiency, i.e., the mean squared error of the estimate converges to the theoretical lower bound -- Cramer-Rao bound. In addition, we show that our algorithm has linear time complexity. These appealing characteristics endow our estimator with a great advantage in the case of dense point correspondences. Experiments on both synthetic data and real images demonstrate that when the point number reaches the order of hundreds, our estimator outperforms the state-of-the-art ones in terms of estimation accuracy and CPU time.

Efficient Invariant Kalman Filter for Inertial-based Odometry with Large-sample Environmental Measurements

A filter for inertial-based odometry is a recursive method used to estimate the pose from measurements of ego-motion and relative pose. Currently, there is no known filter that guarantees the computation of a globally optimal solution for the non-linear measurement model. In this paper, we demonstrate that an innovative filter, with the state being $SE_2(3)$ and the $\sqrt{n}$-\textit{consistent} pose as the initialization, efficiently achieves \textit{asymptotic optimality} in terms of minimum mean square error. This approach is tailored for real-time SLAM and inertial-based odometry applications. Our first contribution is that we propose an iterative filtering method based on the Gauss-Newton method on Lie groups which is numerically to solve the estimation of states from a priori and non-linear measurements. The filtering stands out due to its iterative mechanism and adaptive initialization. Second, when dealing with environmental measurements of the surroundings, we utilize a $\sqrt{n}$-consistent pose as the initial value for the update step in a single iteration. The solution is closed in form and has computational complexity $O(n)$. Third, we theoretically show that the approach can achieve asymptotic optimality in the sense of minimum mean square error from the a priori and virtual relative pose measurements (see Problem~\ref{prob:new update problem}). Finally, to validate our method, we carry out extensive numerical and experimental evaluations. Our results consistently demonstrate that our approach outperforms other state-of-the-art filter-based methods, including the iterated extended Kalman filter and the invariant extended Kalman filter, in terms of accuracy and running time.

MedGen: A Python Natural Language Processing Toolkit for Medical Text Processing

This study introduces MedGen, a comprehensive natural language processing (NLP) toolkit designed for medical text processing. MedGen is tailored for biomedical researchers and healthcare professionals with an easy-to-use, all-in-one solution that requires minimal programming expertise. It includes (1) Generative Functions: For the first time, MedGen includes four advanced generative functions: question answering, text summarization, text simplification, and machine translation; (2) Basic NLP Functions: MedGen integrates 12 essential NLP functions such as word tokenization and sentence segmentation; and (3) Query and Search Capabilities: MedGen provides user-friendly query and search functions on text corpora. We fine-tuned 32 domain-specific language models, evaluated them thoroughly on 24 established benchmarks and conducted manual reviews with clinicians. Additionally, we expanded our toolkit by introducing query and search functions, while also standardizing and integrating functions from third-party libraries. The toolkit, its models, and associated data are publicly available via https://github.com/Yale-LILY/MedGen.

Large Language Models Are Partially Primed in Pronoun Interpretation

While a large body of literature suggests that large language models (LLMs) acquire rich linguistic representations, little is known about whether they adapt to linguistic biases in a human-like way. The present study probes this question by asking whether LLMs display human-like referential biases using stimuli and procedures from real psycholinguistic experiments. Recent psycholinguistic studies suggest that humans adapt their referential biases with recent exposure to referential patterns; closely replicating three relevant psycholinguistic experiments from Johnson & Arnold (2022) in an in-context learning (ICL) framework, we found that InstructGPT adapts its pronominal interpretations in response to the frequency of referential patterns in the local discourse, though in a limited fashion: adaptation was only observed relative to syntactic but not semantic biases. By contrast, FLAN-UL2 fails to generate meaningful patterns. Our results provide further evidence that contemporary LLMs discourse representations are sensitive to syntactic patterns in the local context but less so to semantic patterns. Our data and code are available at \url{https://github.com/zkx06111/llm_priming}.

GreenPLM: Cross-lingual pre-trained language models conversion with (almost) no cost

While large pre-trained models have transformed the field of natural language processing (NLP), the high training cost and low cross-lingual availability of such models prevent the new advances from being equally shared by users across all languages, especially the less spoken ones. To promote equal opportunities for all language speakers in NLP research and to reduce energy consumption for sustainability, this study proposes an effective and energy-efficient framework GreenPLM that uses bilingual lexicons to directly translate language models of one language into other languages at (almost) no additional cost. We validate this approach in 18 languages and show that this framework is comparable to, if not better than, other heuristics trained with high cost. In addition, when given a low computational cost (2.5%), the framework outperforms the original monolingual language models in six out of seven tested languages. This approach can be easily implemented, and we will release language models in 50 languages translated from English soon.

Filter and evolve: progressive pseudo label refining for semi-supervised automatic speech recognition

Fine tuning self supervised pretrained models using pseudo labels can effectively improve speech recognition performance. But, low quality pseudo labels can misguide decision boundaries and degrade performance. We propose a simple yet effective strategy to filter low quality pseudo labels to alleviate this problem. Specifically, pseudo-labels are produced over the entire training set and filtered via average probability scores calculated from the model output. Subsequently, an optimal percentage of utterances with high probability scores are considered reliable training data with trustworthy labels. The model is iteratively updated to correct the unreliable pseudo labels to minimize the effect of noisy labels. The process above is repeated until unreliable pseudo abels have been adequately corrected. Extensive experiments on LibriSpeech show that these filtered samples enable the refined model to yield more correct predictions, leading to better ASR performances under various experimental settings.

A Survey in Automatic Irony Processing: Linguistic, Cognitive, and Multi-X Perspectives

Irony is a ubiquitous figurative language in daily communication. Previously, many researchers have approached irony from linguistic, cognitive science, and computational aspects. Recently, some progress have been witnessed in automatic irony processing due to the rapid development in deep neural models in natural language processing (NLP). In this paper, we will provide a comprehensive overview of computational irony, insights from linguistic theory and cognitive science, as well as its interactions with downstream NLP tasks and newly proposed multi-X irony processing perspectives.

Low-resource Accent Classification in Geographically-proximate Settings: A Forensic and Sociophonetics Perspective

Accented speech recognition and accent classification are relatively under-explored research areas in speech technology. Recently, deep learning-based methods and Transformer-based pretrained models have achieved superb performances in both areas. However, most accent classification tasks focused on classifying different kinds of English accents and little attention was paid to geographically-proximate accent classification, especially under a low-resource setting where forensic speech science tasks usually encounter. In this paper, we explored three main accent modelling methods combined with two different classifiers based on 105 speaker recordings retrieved from five urban varieties in Northern England. Although speech representations generated from pretrained models generally have better performances in downstream classification, traditional methods like Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs) and formant measurements are equipped with specific strengths. These results suggest that in forensic phonetics scenario where data are relatively scarce, a simple modelling method and classifier could be competitive with state-of-the-art pretrained speech models as feature extractors, which could enhance a sooner estimation for the accent information in practices. Besides, our findings also cross-validated a new methodology in quantifying sociophonetic changes.