Skill-Augmented AI Agents for Medical Research Analysis: An Exploratory Multi-Model Human Evaluation in an NSCLC Transcriptomic Biomarker Task

Background. Large language models and AI agents are increasingly used to support biomedical research, but native model outputs may omit key analytical steps, misuse methods, or overstate conclusions. We evaluated whether autonomous access to a medical research skill package was associated with higher-quality AI-generated transcriptomic research-analysis outputs compared with native AI without skills. Methods. We conducted an exploratory multi-model human evaluation using a non-small cell lung cancer immunotherapy biomarker task. Six model backbones were tested. The evaluation included 21 anonymized outputs: 9 native-AI outputs and 12 skill-augmented outputs generated through an AI agent implementation represented by OpenClaw. Four non-expert biomedical reviewers and two blinded experts evaluated each output, with two ratings from each reviewer type. The primary outcome was expert-rated overall quality. Results. Skill-augmented outputs showed directionally higher expert overall quality than native-AI outputs (mean 5.50 vs 5.11; difference=0.39; bootstrap 95\% CI, -0.04 to 0.90; Welch p=0.156). Non-expert reviewer quality showed the same direction (mean 4.72 vs 4.47; difference=0.26; bootstrap 95\% CI, -0.25 to 0.80; Welch p=0.373). Expert agreement was limited (single-rating ICC=-0.15), and model-specific effects were descriptive and heterogeneous. Conclusions. Autonomous skill access showed a directional quality signal in this exploratory sample, but the signal was smaller than expert-rating noise and should not be interpreted as confirmatory evidence. The findings primarily motivate larger evaluations of skill-augmented AI agents with stronger reliability controls, platform replication, and biological-validity assessment.

DynaCF: Mitigating Shortcut Learning in Reward Models via Dynamic Counterfactual Sensitivity

Reward models trained from pairwise preferences often exploit superficial shortcut cues rather than learning true response quality. We propose DynaCF, a dynamic reweighting framework for mitigating shortcut learning in reward model training. Unlike static shortcut heuristics, DynaCF measures shortcut sensitivity online during optimization by applying semantics-preserving counterfactual perturbations and tracking the resulting margin shifts and preference flips under the current model. Samples with higher shortcut sensitivity are dynamically downweighted in the Bradley-Terry objective, encouraging the model to rely less on superficial patterns and more on task-relevant preference signals. Extensive experiments show that DynaCF consistently improves robustness in preference modeling.

SAEExplainer: Interpreting SAE Features with Activation-Guided Preference Optimization

Although Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) have mitigated the opacity of large language models (LLMs) by decomposing dense representations into sparse features, explaining these features still remains a central challenge. Current explanation methods, however, typically operate within an open-loop paradigm, failing to leverage mechanistic feedback for further refinement. In this paper, we propose SAEExplainer, a training framework utilizes activation scores as an objective reward signal to train the model for self-correction and iterative bootstrapping. By iteratively verifying and correcting foundational explanations through a two-round optimization process, SAEExplainer achieves continuous improvement in its explanatory capabilities. This mechanism significantly reduces explanation hallucinations and reinforces causal triggering patterns. Extensive experiments demonstrate our approach improves upon established baselines across most metrics, especially in causal triggering and discriminative activation.

RASFT: Rollout-Adaptive Supervised Fine-Tuning for Reasoning

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) is a prevailing method for adapting large language models to reasoning tasks by imitating offline expert demonstrations, often treating a single expert trajectory as the target behavior. However, reasoning is not simple path imitation: rigidly following one demonstrated solution may overfit to surface forms and suppress the model's own reasoning distribution. We propose Rollout-Adaptive Supervised Fine-Tuning (RASFT), a policy-aware SFT framework that calibrates expert supervision according to problem-level solvability estimated from verified on-policy rollouts. For each problem, RASFT strengthens expert guidance when the current policy struggles, while relaxing rigid imitation and incorporating correct self-generated trajectories when the model already exhibits reliable reasoning behavior. To preserve useful reasoning priors, RASFT further introduces a clipped inverse ratio between the frozen reference model and the current policy to constrain excessive policy drift. Experiments across multiple models on six mathematical reasoning benchmarks and two code reasoning benchmarks show that RASFT achieves better overall performance than SFT, SFT variants, and representative RL methods. The code is available at https://github.com/zjd1sq/RASFT.

MedSkillAudit: A Domain-Specific Audit Framework for Medical Research Agent Skills

Background: Agent skills are increasingly deployed as modular, reusable capability units in AI agent systems. Medical research agent skills require safeguards beyond general-purpose evaluation, including scientific integrity, methodological validity, reproducibility, and boundary safety. This study developed and preliminarily evaluated a domain-specific audit framework for medical research agent skills, with a focus on reliability against expert review. Methods: We developed MedSkillAudit (skill-auditor@1.0), a layered framework assessing skill release readiness before deployment. We evaluated 75 skills across five medical research categories (15 per category). Two experts independently assigned a quality score (0-100), an ordinal release disposition (Production Ready / Limited Release / Beta Only / Reject), and a high-risk failure flag. System-expert agreement was quantified using ICC(2,1) and linearly weighted Cohen's kappa, benchmarked against the human inter-rater baseline. Results: The mean consensus quality score was 72.4 (SD = 13.0); 57.3% of skills fell below the Limited Release threshold. MedSkillAudit achieved ICC(2,1) = 0.449 (95% CI: 0.250-0.610), exceeding the human inter-rater ICC of 0.300. System-consensus score divergence (SD = 9.5) was smaller than inter-expert divergence (SD = 12.4), with no directional bias (Wilcoxon p = 0.613). Protocol Design showed the strongest category-level agreement (ICC = 0.551); Academic Writing showed a negative ICC (-0.567), reflecting a structural rubric-expert mismatch. Conclusions: Domain-specific pre-deployment audit may provide a practical foundation for governing medical research agent skills, complementing general-purpose quality checks with structured audit workflows tailored to scientific use cases.

AIoT-based Continuous, Contextualized, and Explainable Driving Assessment for Older Adults

The world is undergoing a major demographic shift as older adults become a rapidly growing share of the population, creating new challenges for driving safety. In car-dependent regions such as the United States, driving remains essential for independence, access to services, and social participation. At the same time, aging can introduce gradual changes in vision, attention, reaction time, and driving control that quietly reduce safety. Today's assessment methods rely largely on infrequent clinic visits or simple screening tools, offering only a brief snapshot and failing to reflect how an older adult actually drives on the road. Our work starts from the observation that everyday driving provides a continuous record of functional ability and captures how a driver responds to traffic, navigates complex roads, and manages routine behavior. Leveraging this insight, we propose AURA, an Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) framework for continuous, real-world assessment of driving safety among older adults. AURA integrates richer in-vehicle sensing, multi-scale behavioral modeling, and context-aware analysis to extract detailed indicators of driving performance from routine trips. It organizes fine-grained actions into longer behavioral trajectories and separates age-related performance changes from situational factors such as traffic, road design, or weather. By integrating sensing, modeling, and interpretation within a privacy-preserving edge architecture, AURA provides a foundation for proactive, individualized support that helps older adults drive safely. This paper outlines the design principles, challenges, and research opportunities needed to build reliable, real-world monitoring systems that promote safer aging behind the wheel.

Multi-Behavior Sequential Modeling with Transition-Aware Graph Attention Network for E-Commerce Recommendation

User interactions on e-commerce platforms are inherently diverse, involving behaviors such as clicking, favoriting, adding to cart, and purchasing. The transitions between these behaviors offer valuable insights into user-item interactions, serving as a key signal for un- derstanding evolving preferences. Consequently, there is growing interest in leveraging multi-behavior data to better capture user intent. Recent studies have explored sequential modeling of multi- behavior data, many relying on transformer-based architectures with polynomial time complexity. While effective, these approaches often incur high computational costs, limiting their applicability in large-scale industrial systems with long user sequences. To address this challenge, we propose the Transition-Aware Graph Attention Network (TGA), a linear-complexity approach for modeling multi-behavior transitions. Unlike traditional trans- formers that treat all behavior pairs equally, TGA constructs a structured sparse graph by identifying informative transitions from three perspectives: (a) item-level transitions, (b) category-level transitions, and (c) neighbor-level transitions. Built upon the structured graph, TGA employs a transition-aware graph Attention mechanism that jointly models user-item interactions and behav- ior transition types, enabling more accurate capture of sequential patterns while maintaining computational efficiency. Experiments show that TGA outperforms all state-of-the-art models while sig- nificantly reducing computational cost. Notably, TGA has been deployed in a large-scale industrial production environment, where it leads to impressive improvements in key business metrics.

The Llama 4 Herd: Architecture, Training, Evaluation, and Deployment Notes

This document consolidates publicly reported technical details about Metas Llama 4 model family. It summarizes (i) released variants (Scout and Maverick) and the broader herd context including the previewed Behemoth teacher model, (ii) architectural characteristics beyond a high-level MoE description covering routed/shared-expert structure, early-fusion multimodality, and long-context design elements reported for Scout (iRoPE and length generalization strategies), (iii) training disclosures spanning pre-training, mid-training for long-context extension, and post-training methodology (lightweight SFT, online RL, and lightweight DPO) as described in release materials, (iv) developer-reported benchmark results for both base and instruction-tuned checkpoints, and (v) practical deployment constraints observed across major serving environments, including provider-specific context limits and quantization packaging. The manuscript also summarizes licensing obligations relevant to redistribution and derivative naming, and reviews publicly described safeguards and evaluation practices. The goal is to provide a compact technical reference for researchers and practitioners who need precise, source-backed facts about Llama 4.

BaseCal: Unsupervised Confidence Calibration via Base Model Signals

Reliable confidence is essential for trusting the outputs of LLMs, yet widely deployed post-trained LLMs (PoLLMs) typically compromise this trust with severe overconfidence. In contrast, we observe that their corresponding base LLMs often remain well-calibrated. This naturally motivates us to calibrate PoLLM confidence using the base LLM as a reference. This work proposes two ways to achieve this. A straightforward solution, BaseCal-ReEval, evaluates PoLLM's responses by feeding them into the base LLM to get average probabilities as confidence. While effective, this approach introduces additional inference overhead. To address this, we propose BaseCal-Proj, which trains a lightweight projection to map the final-layer hidden states of PoLLMs back to those of their base LLMs. These projected states are then processed by the base LLM's output layer to derive base-calibrated confidence for PoLLM's responses. Notably, BaseCal is an unsupervised, plug-and-play solution that operates without human labels or LLM modifications. Experiments across five datasets and three LLM families demonstrate the effectiveness of BaseCal, reducing Expected Calibration Error (ECE) by an average of 42.90\% compared to the best unsupervised baselines.

LIR$^3$AG: A Lightweight Rerank Reasoning Strategy Framework for Retrieval-Augmented Generation

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) effectively enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by incorporating retrieved external knowledge into the generation process. Reasoning models improve LLM performance in multi-hop QA tasks, which require integrating and reasoning over multiple pieces of evidence across different documents to answer a complex question. However, they often introduce substantial computational costs, including increased token consumption and inference latency. To better understand and mitigate this trade-off, we conduct a comprehensive study of reasoning strategies for reasoning models in RAG multi-hop QA tasks. Our findings reveal that reasoning models adopt structured strategies to integrate retrieved and internal knowledge, primarily following two modes: Context-Grounded Reasoning, which relies directly on retrieved content, and Knowledge-Reconciled Reasoning, which resolves conflicts or gaps using internal knowledge. To this end, we propose a novel Lightweight Rerank Reasoning Strategy Framework for RAG (LiR$^3$AG) to enable non-reasoning models to transfer reasoning strategies by restructuring retrieved evidence into coherent reasoning chains. LiR$^3$AG significantly reduce the average 98% output tokens overhead and 58.6% inferencing time while improving 8B non-reasoning model's F1 performance ranging from 6.2% to 22.5% to surpass the performance of 32B reasoning model in RAG, offering a practical and efficient path forward for RAG systems.