Predicting and Explaining Mobile UI Tappability with Vision Modeling and Saliency Analysis

We use a deep learning based approach to predict whether a selected element in a mobile UI screenshot will be perceived by users as tappable, based on pixels only instead of view hierarchies required by previous work. To help designers better understand model predictions and to provide more actionable design feedback than predictions alone, we additionally use ML interpretability techniques to help explain the output of our model. We use XRAI to highlight areas in the input screenshot that most strongly influence the tappability prediction for the selected region, and use k-Nearest Neighbors to present the most similar mobile UIs from the dataset with opposing influences on tappability perception.

Data and Physics Driven Learning Models for Fast MRI -- Fundamentals and Methodologies from CNN, GAN to Attention and Transformers

Research studies have shown no qualms about using data driven deep learning models for downstream tasks in medical image analysis, e.g., anatomy segmentation and lesion detection, disease diagnosis and prognosis, and treatment planning. However, deep learning models are not the sovereign remedy for medical image analysis when the upstream imaging is not being conducted properly (with artefacts). This has been manifested in MRI studies, where the scanning is typically slow, prone to motion artefacts, with a relatively low signal to noise ratio, and poor spatial and/or temporal resolution. Recent studies have witnessed substantial growth in the development of deep learning techniques for propelling fast MRI. This article aims to (1) introduce the deep learning based data driven techniques for fast MRI including convolutional neural network and generative adversarial network based methods, (2) survey the attention and transformer based models for speeding up MRI reconstruction, and (3) detail the research in coupling physics and data driven models for MRI acceleration. Finally, we will demonstrate through a few clinical applications, explain the importance of data harmonisation and explainable models for such fast MRI techniques in multicentre and multi-scanner studies, and discuss common pitfalls in current research and recommendations for future research directions.

Multi-source data processing and fusion method for power distribution internet of things based on edge intelligence

With the rapid advancement of the Energy Internet strategy, the number of sensors within the Power Distribution Internet of Things (PD-IoT) has increased dramatically. In this paper, an edge intelligence-based PD-IoT multi-source data processing and fusion method is proposed to solve the problems of confusing storage and insufficient fusion computing performance of multi-source heterogeneous distribution data. First, a PD-IoT multi-source data processing and fusion architecture based on edge smart terminals is designed. Second, to realize the uniform conversion of various sensor data sources in the distribution network in terms of magnitude and order of magnitude. By introducing the Box-Cox transform to improve the data offset problem in the Zscore normalization process, a multi-source heterogeneous data processing method for distribution networks based on the Box-Cox transform Zscore is proposed. Then, the conflicting phenomena of DS inference methods in data source fusion are optimally handled based on the PCA algorithm. A multi-source data fusion model based on DS inference with conflict optimization is constructed to ensure the effective fusion of distribution data sources from different domains. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by an experimental analysis of an IEEE39 node system in a regional distribution network in China.

Bridging Pre-trained Language Models and Hand-crafted Features for Unsupervised POS Tagging

In recent years, large-scale pre-trained language models (PLMs) have made extraordinary progress in most NLP tasks. But, in the unsupervised POS tagging task, works utilizing PLMs are few and fail to achieve state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance. The recent SOTA performance is yielded by a Guassian HMM variant proposed by He et al. (2018). However, as a generative model, HMM makes very strong independence assumptions, making it very challenging to incorporate contexualized word representations from PLMs. In this work, we for the first time propose a neural conditional random field autoencoder (CRF-AE) model for unsupervised POS tagging. The discriminative encoder of CRF-AE can straightforwardly incorporate ELMo word representations. Moreover, inspired by feature-rich HMM, we reintroduce hand-crafted features into the decoder of CRF-AE. Finally, experiments clearly show that our model outperforms previous state-of-the-art models by a large margin on Penn Treebank and multilingual Universal Dependencies treebank v2.0.

Efficient Training of the Memristive Deep Belief Net Immune to Non-Idealities of the Synaptic Devices

The tunability of conductance states of various emerging non-volatile memristive devices emulates the plasticity of biological synapses, making it promising in the hardware realization of large-scale neuromorphic systems. The inference of the neural network can be greatly accelerated by the vector-matrix multiplication (VMM) performed within a crossbar array of memristive devices in one step. Nevertheless, the implementation of the VMM needs complex peripheral circuits and the complexity further increases since non-idealities of memristive devices prevent precise conductance tuning (especially for the online training) and largely degrade the performance of the deep neural networks (DNNs). Here, we present an efficient online training method of the memristive deep belief net (DBN). The proposed memristive DBN uses stochastically binarized activations, reducing the complexity of peripheral circuits, and uses the contrastive divergence (CD) based gradient descent learning algorithm. The analog VMM and digital CD are performed separately in a mixed-signal hardware arrangement, making the memristive DBN high immune to non-idealities of synaptic devices. The number of write operations on memristive devices is reduced by two orders of magnitude. The recognition accuracy of 95%~97% can be achieved for the MNIST dataset using pulsed synaptic behaviors of various memristive synaptic devices.

A Robust Approach for the Decomposition of High-Energy-Consuming Industrial Loads with Deep Learning

The knowledge of the users' electricity consumption pattern is an important coordinating mechanism between the utility company and the electricity consumers in terms of key decision makings. The load decomposition is therefore crucial to reveal the underlying relationship between the load consumption and its characteristics. However, load decomposition is conventionally performed on the residential and commercial loads, and adequate consideration has not been given to the high-energy-consuming industrial loads leading to inefficient results. This paper thus focuses on the load decomposition of the industrial park loads (IPL). The commonly used parameters in a conventional method are however inapplicable in high-energy-consuming industrial loads. Therefore, a more robust approach is developed comprising a three-algorithm model to achieve this goal on the IPL. First, the improved variational mode decomposition (IVMD) algorithm is introduced to denoise the training data of the IPL and improve its stability. Secondly, the convolutional neural network (CNN) and simple recurrent units (SRU) joint algorithms are used to achieve a non-intrusive and non-invasive decomposition process of the IPL using a double-layer deep learning network based on the IPL characteristics. Specifically, CNN is used to extract the IPL data characteristics while the improved long and short-term memory (LSTM) network, SRU, is adopted to develop the decomposition model and further train the load data. Through the robust decomposition process, the underlying relationship in the load consumption is extracted. The results obtained from the numerical examples show that this approach outperforms the state-of-the-art in the conventional decomposition process.

HDL: Hybrid Deep Learning for the Synthesis of Myocardial Velocity Maps in Digital Twins for Cardiac Analysis

Synthetic digital twins based on medical data accelerate the acquisition, labelling and decision making procedure in digital healthcare. A core part of digital healthcare twins is model-based data synthesis, which permits the generation of realistic medical signals without requiring to cope with the modelling complexity of anatomical and biochemical phenomena producing them in reality. Unfortunately, algorithms for cardiac data synthesis have been so far scarcely studied in the literature. An important imaging modality in the cardiac examination is three-directional CINE multi-slice myocardial velocity mapping (3Dir MVM), which provides a quantitative assessment of cardiac motion in three orthogonal directions of the left ventricle. The long acquisition time and complex acquisition produce make it more urgent to produce synthetic digital twins of this imaging modality. In this study, we propose a hybrid deep learning (HDL) network, especially for synthetic 3Dir MVM data. Our algorithm is featured by a hybrid UNet and a Generative Adversarial Network with a foreground-background generation scheme. The experimental results show that from temporally down-sampled magnitude CINE images (six times), our proposed algorithm can still successfully synthesise high temporal resolution 3Dir MVM CMR data (PSNR=42.32) with precise left ventricle segmentation (DICE=0.92). These performance scores indicate that our proposed HDL algorithm can be implemented in real-world digital twins for myocardial velocity mapping data simulation. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first one in the literature investigating digital twins of the 3Dir MVM CMR, which has shown great potential for improving the efficiency of clinical studies via synthesised cardiac data.

Smart Tracking Tray System for A Smart and Sustainable Wet Lab Community

The laboratories and research institutes are the major places for cutting-edge scientific exploration. Hundreds of millions of research papers were formed from front-line labs. Behind this glorious achievement were unsustainable facts. More and more human investment is required in innovative experimental design and analysis of results. However, the laboratory operating environment has not been subversively transformed for centuries. This abstract proposed a smart tracking system, consisting of IoT and Data Visualization technologies, to track the chemicals in an automatic and timely approach. Positive feedback has been collected from pilot tests in several labs. The system benefits various lab users in their daily work and improves their working efficiency. In the long run, it will play an essential role in promoting the efficient use of lab resources and achieving the goal of sustainable labs.

PaSca: a Graph Neural Architecture Search System under the Scalable Paradigm

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance in various graph-based tasks. However, as mainstream GNNs are designed based on the neural message passing mechanism, they do not scale well to data size and message passing steps. Although there has been an emerging interest in the design of scalable GNNs, current researches focus on specific GNN design, rather than the general design space, limiting the discovery of potential scalable GNN models. This paper proposes PasCa, a new paradigm and system that offers a principled approach to systemically construct and explore the design space for scalable GNNs, rather than studying individual designs. Through deconstructing the message passing mechanism, PasCa presents a novel Scalable Graph Neural Architecture Paradigm (SGAP), together with a general architecture design space consisting of 150k different designs. Following the paradigm, we implement an auto-search engine that can automatically search well-performing and scalable GNN architectures to balance the trade-off between multiple criteria (e.g., accuracy and efficiency) via multi-objective optimization. Empirical studies on ten benchmark datasets demonstrate that the representative instances (i.e., PasCa-V1, V2, and V3) discovered by our system achieve consistent performance among competitive baselines. Concretely, PasCa-V3 outperforms the state-of-the-art GNN method JK-Net by 0.4\% in terms of predictive accuracy on our large industry dataset while achieving up to $28.3\times$ training speedups.

Bridge the Gap between Supervised and Unsupervised Learning for Fine-Grained Classification

Unsupervised learning technology has caught up with or even surpassed supervised learning technology in general object classification (GOC) and person re-identification (re-ID). However, it is found that the unsupervised learning of fine-grained visual classification (FGVC) is more challenging than GOC and person re-ID. In order to bridge the gap between unsupervised and supervised learning for FGVC, we investigate the essential factors (including feature extraction, clustering, and contrastive learning) for the performance gap between supervised and unsupervised FGVC. Furthermore, we propose a simple, effective, and practical method, termed as UFCL, to alleviate the gap. Three key issues are concerned and improved: First, we introduce a robust and powerful backbone, ResNet50-IBN, which has an ability of domain adaptation when we transfer ImageNet pre-trained models to FGVC tasks. Next, we propose to introduce HDBSCAN instead of DBSCAN to do clustering, which can generate better clusters for adjacent categories with fewer hyper-parameters. Finally, we propose a weighted feature agent and its updating mechanism to do contrastive learning by using the pseudo labels with inevitable noise, which can improve the optimization process of learning the parameters of the network. The effectiveness of our UFCL is verified on CUB-200-2011, Oxford-Flowers, Oxford-Pets, Stanford-Dogs, Stanford-Cars and FGVC-Aircraft datasets. Under the unsupervised FGVC setting, we achieve state-of-the-art results, and analyze the key factors and the important parameters to provide a practical guidance.