Na-IRSTD: Enhancing Infrared Small Target Detection via Native-Resolution Feature Selection and Fusion

Infrared small target detection (IRSTD) faces the inherent challenge of precisely localizing dim targets amid complex background clutter. While progress has been made, existing methods usually follow conventional strategies to downsample features and discard small targets' details, resulting in suboptimal performance. In this paper, we present Na-IRSTD, a native-resolution feature extraction and fusion framework for IRSTD. This framework elegantly incorporates native-resolution features to preserve subtle target cues, overcoming the resolution limitations of existing infrared approaches and significantly improving the model's ability to localize small targets. We also introduce an effective token reduction and selection strategy, which selects target patches with high accuracy and confidence, boosting the low-level details of the feature while effectively reducing native-resolution patch tokens compared to dense processing, thereby avoiding imposing an unbearable computational burden. Extensive experiments demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of our token reduction and selection strategy across multiple public datasets. Ultimately, our Na-IRSTD model achieves state-of-the-art performance on four benchmarks.

DVFace: Spatio-Temporal Dual-Prior Diffusion for Video Face Restoration

Video face restoration aims to enhance degraded face videos into high-quality results with realistic facial details, stable identity, and temporal coherence. Recent diffusion-based methods have brought strong generative priors to restoration and enabled more realistic detail synthesis. However, existing approaches for face videos still rely heavily on generic diffusion priors and multi-step sampling, which limit both facial adaptation and inference efficiency. These limitations motivate the use of one-step diffusion for video face restoration, yet achieving faithful facial recovery alongside temporally stable outputs remains challenging. In this paper, we propose, DVFace, a one-step diffusion framework for real-world video face restoration. Specifically, we introduce a spatio-temporal dual-codebook design to extract complementary spatial and temporal facial priors from degraded videos. We further propose an asymmetric spatio-temporal fusion module to inject these priors into the diffusion backbone according to their distinct roles. Evaluation on various benchmarks shows that DVFace delivers superior restoration quality, temporal consistency, and identity preservation compared to recent methods. Code: https://github.com/zhengchen1999/DVFace.

Free Lunch for Unified Multimodal Models: Enhancing Generation via Reflective Rectification with Inherent Understanding

Unified Multimodal Models (UMMs) aim to integrate visual understanding and generation within a single structure. However, these models exhibit a notable capability mismatch, where their understanding capability significantly outperforms their generation. This mismatch indicates that the model's rich internal knowledge, while effective for understanding tasks, remains underactivated during generation. To address this, we draw inspiration from the human ``Thinking-While-Drawing'' paradigm, where humans continuously reflect to activate their knowledge and rectify intermediate results. In this paper, we propose UniRect-CoT, a training-free unified rectification chain-of-thought framework. Our approach unlocks the ``free lunch'' hidden in the UMM's powerful inherent understanding to continuously reflect, activating its internal knowledge and rectifying intermediate results during generation.We regard the diffusion denoising process in UMMs as an intrinsic visual reasoning process and align the intermediate results with the target instruction understood by the model, serving as a self-supervisory signal to rectify UMM generation.Extensive experiments demonstrate that UniRect-CoT can be easily integrated into existing UMMs, significantly enhancing generation quality across diverse complex tasks.

KoopmanFlow: Spectrally Decoupled Generative Control Policy via Koopman Structural Bias

Generative Control Policies (GCPs) show immense promise in robotic manipulation but struggle to simultaneously model stable global motions and high-frequency local corrections. While modern architectures extract multi-scale spatial features, their underlying Probability Flow ODEs apply a uniform temporal integration schedule. Compressed to a single step for real-time Receding Horizon Control (RHC), uniform ODE solvers mathematically smooth over sparse, high-frequency transients entangled within low-frequency steady states. To decouple these dynamics without accumulating pipelined errors, we introduce KoopmanFlow, a parameter-efficient generative policy guided by a Koopman-inspired structural inductive bias. Operating in a unified multimodal latent space with visual context, KoopmanFlow bifurcates generation at the terminal stage. Because visual conditioning occurs before spectral decomposition, both branches are visually guided yet temporally specialized. A macroscopic branch anchors slow-varying trajectories via single-step Consistency Training, while a transient branch uses Flow Matching to isolate high-frequency residuals stimulated by sudden visual cues (e.g., contacts or occlusions). Guided by an explicit spectral prior and optimized via a novel asymmetric consistency objective, KoopmanFlow establishes a fused co-training mechanism. This allows the variant branch to absorb localized dynamics without multi-stage error accumulation. Extensive experiments show KoopmanFlow significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines in contact-rich tasks requiring agile disturbance rejection. By trading a surplus latency buffer for a richer structural prior, KoopmanFlow achieves superior control fidelity and parameter efficiency within real-time deployment limits.

SVLL: Staged Vision-Language Learning for Physically Grounded Embodied Task Planning

Embodied task planning demands vision-language models to generate action sequences that are both visually grounded and causally coherent over time. However, existing training paradigms face a critical trade-off: joint end-to-end training often leads to premature temporal binding, while standard reinforcement learning methods suffer from optimization instability. To bridge this gap, we present Staged Vision-Language Learning (SVLL), a unified three-stage framework for robust, physically-grounded embodied planning. In the first two stages, SVLL decouples spatial grounding from temporal reasoning, establishing robust visual dependency before introducing sequential action history. In the final stage, we identify a key limitation of standard Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), its purely relative nature -- optimizing only the preference gap between winning and losing trajectories while neglecting absolute likelihood constraints on optimal path, often yields unsafe or hallucinated behaviors. To address this, we further introduce Bias-DPO, a novel alignment objective that injects an inductive bias toward expert trajectories by explicitly maximizing likelihood on ground-truth actions while penalizing overconfident hallucinations. By anchoring the policy to the expert manifold and mitigating causal misalignment, SVLL, powered by Bias-DPO, ensures strict adherence to environmental affordances and effectively suppresses physically impossible shortcuts. Finally, extensive experiments on the interactive AI2-THOR benchmark and real-world robotic deployments demonstrate that SVLL outperforms both state-of-the-art open-source (e.g., Qwen2.5-VL-7B) and closed-source models (e.g., GPT-4o, Gemini-2.0-flash) in task success rate, while significantly reducing physical constraint violations.

SpatialText: A Pure-Text Cognitive Benchmark for Spatial Understanding in Large Language Models

Genuine spatial reasoning relies on the capacity to construct and manipulate coherent internal spatial representations, often conceptualized as mental models, rather than merely processing surface linguistic associations. While large language models exhibit advanced capabilities across various domains, existing benchmarks fail to isolate this intrinsic spatial cognition from statistical language heuristics. Furthermore, multimodal evaluations frequently conflate genuine spatial reasoning with visual perception. To systematically investigate whether models construct flexible spatial mental models, we introduce SpatialText, a theory-driven diagnostic framework. Rather than functioning simply as a dataset, SpatialText isolates text-based spatial reasoning through a dual-source methodology. It integrates human-annotated descriptions of real 3D indoor environments, which capture natural ambiguities, perspective shifts, and functional relations, with code-generated, logically precise scenes designed to probe formal spatial deduction and epistemic boundaries. Systematic evaluation across state-of-the-art models reveals fundamental representational limitations. Although models demonstrate proficiency in retrieving explicit spatial facts and operating within global, allocentric coordinate systems, they exhibit critical failures in egocentric perspective transformation and local reference frame reasoning. These systematic errors provide strong evidence that current models rely heavily on linguistic co-occurrence heuristics rather than constructing coherent, verifiable internal spatial representations. SpatialText thus serves as a rigorous instrument for diagnosing the cognitive boundaries of artificial spatial intelligence.

AdaTSQ: Pushing the Pareto Frontier of Diffusion Transformers via Temporal-Sensitivity Quantization

Diffusion Transformers (DiTs) have emerged as the state-of-the-art backbone for high-fidelity image and video generation. However, their massive computational cost and memory footprint hinder deployment on edge devices. While post-training quantization (PTQ) has proven effective for large language models (LLMs), directly applying existing methods to DiTs yields suboptimal results due to the neglect of the unique temporal dynamics inherent in diffusion processes. In this paper, we propose AdaTSQ, a novel PTQ framework that pushes the Pareto frontier of efficiency and quality by exploiting the temporal sensitivity of DiTs. First, we propose a Pareto-aware timestep-dynamic bit-width allocation strategy. We model the quantization policy search as a constrained pathfinding problem. We utilize a beam search algorithm guided by end-to-end reconstruction error to dynamically assign layer-wise bit-widths across different timesteps. Second, we propose a Fisher-guided temporal calibration mechanism. It leverages temporal Fisher information to prioritize calibration data from highly sensitive timesteps, seamlessly integrating with Hessian-based weight optimization. Extensive experiments on four advanced DiTs (e.g., Flux-Dev, Flux-Schnell, Z-Image, and Wan2.1) demonstrate that AdaTSQ significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods like SVDQuant and ViDiT-Q. Our code will be released at https://github.com/Qiushao-E/AdaTSQ.

SPIRIT: Adapting Vision Foundation Models for Unified Single- and Multi-Frame Infrared Small Target Detection

Infrared small target detection (IRSTD) is crucial for surveillance and early-warning, with deployments spanning both single-frame analysis and video-mode tracking. A practical solution should leverage vision foundation models (VFMs) to mitigate infrared data scarcity, while adopting a memory-attention-based temporal propagation framework that unifies single- and multi-frame inference. However, infrared small targets exhibit weak radiometric signals and limited semantic cues, which differ markedly from visible-spectrum imagery. This modality gap makes direct use of semantics-oriented VFMs and appearance-driven cross-frame association unreliable for IRSTD: hierarchical feature aggregation can submerge localized target peaks, and appearance-only memory attention becomes ambiguous, leading to spurious clutter associations. To address these challenges, we propose SPIRIT, a unified and VFM-compatible framework that adapts VFMs to IRSTD via lightweight physics-informed plug-ins. Spatially, PIFR refines features by approximating rank-sparsity decomposition to suppress structured background components and enhance sparse target-like signals. Temporally, PGMA injects history-derived soft spatial priors into memory cross-attention to constrain cross-frame association, enabling robust video detection while naturally reverting to single-frame inference when temporal context is absent. Experiments on multiple IRSTD benchmarks show consistent gains over VFM-based baselines and SOTA performance.

Online unsupervised Hebbian learning in deep photonic neuromorphic networks

While software implementations of neural networks have driven significant advances in computation, the von Neumann architecture imposes fundamental limitations on speed and energy efficiency. Neuromorphic networks, with structures inspired by the brain's architecture, offer a compelling solution with the potential to approach the extreme energy efficiency of neurobiological systems. Photonic neuromorphic networks (PNNs) are particularly attractive because they leverage the inherent advantages of light, namely high parallelism, low latency, and exceptional energy efficiency. Previous PNN demonstrations have largely focused on device-level functionalities or system-level implementations reliant on supervised learning and inefficient optical-electrical-optical (OEO) conversions. Here, we introduce a purely photonic deep PNN architecture that enables online, unsupervised learning. We propose a local feedback mechanism operating entirely in the optical domain that implements a Hebbian learning rule using non-volatile phase-change material synapses. We experimentally demonstrate this approach on a non-trivial letter recognition task using a commercially available fiber-optic platform and achieve a 100 percent recognition rate, showcasing an all-optical solution for efficient, real-time information processing. This work unlocks the potential of photonic computing for complex artificial intelligence applications by enabling direct, high-throughput processing of optical information without intermediate OEO signal conversions.

REL-SF4PASS: Panoramic Semantic Segmentation with REL Depth Representation and Spherical Fusion

As an important and challenging problem in computer vision, Panoramic Semantic Segmentation (PASS) aims to give complete scene perception based on an ultra-wide angle of view. Most PASS methods often focus on spherical geometry with RGB input or using the depth information in original or HHA format, which does not make full use of panoramic image geometry. To address these shortcomings, we propose REL-SF4PASS with our REL depth representation based on cylindrical coordinate and Spherical-dynamic Multi-Modal Fusion SMMF. REL is made up of Rectified Depth, Elevation-Gained Vertical Inclination Angle, and Lateral Orientation Angle, which fully represents 3D space in cylindrical coordinate style and the surface normal direction. SMMF aims to ensure the diversity of fusion for different panoramic image regions and reduce the breakage of cylinder side surface expansion in ERP projection, which uses different fusion strategies to match the different regions in panoramic images. Experimental results show that REL-SF4PASS considerably improves performance and robustness on popular benchmark, Stanford2D3D Panoramic datasets. It gains 2.35% average mIoU improvement on all 3 folds and reduces the performance variance by approximately 70% when facing 3D disturbance.