Camera-Based Remote Physiology Sensing for Hundreds of Subjects Across Skin Tones

Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) emerges as a promising method for non-invasive, convenient measurement of vital signs, utilizing the widespread presence of cameras. Despite advancements, existing datasets fall short in terms of size and diversity, limiting comprehensive evaluation under diverse conditions. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the VitalVideo dataset, the largest real-world rPPG dataset to date, encompassing 893 subjects and 6 Fitzpatrick skin tones. Our experimentation with six unsupervised methods and three supervised models demonstrates that datasets comprising a few hundred subjects(i.e., 300 for UBFC-rPPG, 500 for PURE, and 700 for MMPD-Simple) are sufficient for effective rPPG model training. Our findings highlight the importance of diversity and consistency in skin tones for precise performance evaluation across different datasets.

Spiking-PhysFormer: Camera-Based Remote Photoplethysmography with Parallel Spike-driven Transformer

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) can help camera-based remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) in measuring cardiac activity and physiological signals from facial videos, such as pulse wave, heart rate and respiration rate with better accuracy. However, most existing ANN-based methods require substantial computing resources, which poses challenges for effective deployment on mobile devices. Spiking neural networks (SNNs), on the other hand, hold immense potential for energy-efficient deep learning owing to their binary and event-driven architecture. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to introduce SNNs into the realm of rPPG, proposing a hybrid neural network (HNN) model, the Spiking-PhysFormer, aimed at reducing power consumption. Specifically, the proposed Spiking-PhyFormer consists of an ANN-based patch embedding block, SNN-based transformer blocks, and an ANN-based predictor head. First, to simplify the transformer block while preserving its capacity to aggregate local and global spatio-temporal features, we design a parallel spike transformer block to replace sequential sub-blocks. Additionally, we propose a simplified spiking self-attention mechanism that omits the value parameter without compromising the model's performance. Experiments conducted on four datasets-PURE, UBFC-rPPG, UBFC-Phys, and MMPD demonstrate that the proposed model achieves a 12.4\% reduction in power consumption compared to PhysFormer. Additionally, the power consumption of the transformer block is reduced by a factor of 12.2, while maintaining decent performance as PhysFormer and other ANN-based models.

A Comprehensive Dataset and Automated Pipeline for Nailfold Capillary Analysis

Nailfold capillaroscopy is a well-established method for assessing health conditions, but the untapped potential of automated medical image analysis using machine learning remains despite recent advancements. In this groundbreaking study, we present a pioneering effort in constructing a comprehensive dataset-321 images, 219 videos, 68 clinic reports, with expert annotations-that serves as a crucial resource for training deep-learning models. Leveraging this dataset, we propose an end-to-end nailfold capillary analysis pipeline capable of automatically detecting and measuring diverse morphological and dynamic features. Experimental results demonstrate sub-pixel measurement accuracy and 90% accuracy in predicting abnormality portions, highlighting its potential for advancing quantitative medical research and enabling pervasive computing in healthcare. We've shared our open-source codes and data (available at https://github.com/THU-CS-PI-LAB/ANFC-Automated-Nailfold-Capillary) to contribute to transformative progress in computational medical image analysis.

ALPHA: AnomaLous Physiological Health Assessment Using Large Language Models

This study concentrates on evaluating the efficacy of Large Language Models (LLMs) in healthcare, with a specific focus on their application in personal anomalous health monitoring. Our research primarily investigates the capabilities of LLMs in interpreting and analyzing physiological data obtained from FDA-approved devices. We conducted an extensive analysis using anomalous physiological data gathered in a simulated low-air-pressure plateau environment. This allowed us to assess the precision and reliability of LLMs in understanding and evaluating users' health status with notable specificity. Our findings reveal that LLMs exhibit exceptional performance in determining medical indicators, including a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of less than 1 beat per minute for heart rate and less than 1% for oxygen saturation (SpO2). Furthermore, the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) for these evaluations remained below 1%, with the overall accuracy of health assessments surpassing 85%. In image analysis tasks, such as interpreting photoplethysmography (PPG) data, our specially adapted GPT models demonstrated remarkable proficiency, achieving less than 1 bpm error in cycle count and 7.28 MAE for heart rate estimation. This study highlights LLMs' dual role as health data analysis tools and pivotal elements in advanced AI health assistants, offering personalized health insights and recommendations within the future health assistant framework.

LongBench: A Bilingual, Multitask Benchmark for Long Context Understanding

Although large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive performance for many language tasks, most of them can only handle texts a few thousand tokens long, limiting their applications on longer sequence inputs, such as books, reports, and codebases. Recent works have proposed methods to improve LLMs' long context capabilities by extending context windows and more sophisticated memory mechanisms. However, comprehensive benchmarks tailored for evaluating long context understanding are lacking. In this paper, we introduce LongBench, the first bilingual, multi-task benchmark for long context understanding, enabling a more rigorous evaluation of long context understanding. LongBench comprises 21 datasets across 6 task categories in both English and Chinese, with an average length of 6,711 words (English) and 13,386 characters (Chinese). These tasks cover key long-text application areas including single-doc QA, multi-doc QA, summarization, few-shot learning, synthetic tasks, and code completion. All datasets in LongBench are standardized into a unified format, allowing for effortless automatic evaluation of LLMs. Upon comprehensive evaluation of 8 LLMs on LongBench, we find that: (1) Commercial model (GPT-3.5-Turbo-16k) outperforms other open-sourced models, but still struggles on longer contexts. (2) Scaled position embedding and fine-tuning on longer sequences lead to substantial improvement on long context understanding. (3) Context compression technique such as retrieval brings improvement for model with weak ability on long contexts, but the performance still lags behind models that have strong long context understanding capability. The code and datasets are available at https://github.com/THUDM/LongBench.

MMPD: Multi-Domain Mobile Video Physiology Dataset

Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) is an attractive method for noninvasive, convenient and concomitant measurement of physiological vital signals. Public benchmark datasets have served a valuable role in the development of this technology and improvements in accuracy over recent years.However, there remain gaps the public datasets.First, despite the ubiquity of cameras on mobile devices, there are few datasets recorded specifically with mobile phones cameras. Second, most datasets are relatively small and therefore are limited in diversity, both in appearance (e.g., skin tone), behaviors (e.g., motion) and enivornment (e.g., lighting conditions). In an effort to help the field advance, we present the Multi-domain Mobile Video Physiology Dataset (MMPD), comprising 11 hours of recordings from mobile phones of 33 subjects. The dataset was designed to capture videos with greater representation across skin tone, body motion, and lighting conditions. MMPD is comprehensive with eight descriptive labels and can be used in conjunction with the rPPG-toolbox. The Github repository of our dataset: {https://github.com/McJackTang/MMPD_rPPG_dataset}