Progressive Distillation Based on Masked Generation Feature Method for Knowledge Graph Completion

In recent years, knowledge graph completion (KGC) models based on pre-trained language model (PLM) have shown promising results. However, the large number of parameters and high computational cost of PLM models pose challenges for their application in downstream tasks. This paper proposes a progressive distillation method based on masked generation features for KGC task, aiming to significantly reduce the complexity of pre-trained models. Specifically, we perform pre-distillation on PLM to obtain high-quality teacher models, and compress the PLM network to obtain multi-grade student models. However, traditional feature distillation suffers from the limitation of having a single representation of information in teacher models. To solve this problem, we propose masked generation of teacher-student features, which contain richer representation information. Furthermore, there is a significant gap in representation ability between teacher and student. Therefore, we design a progressive distillation method to distill student models at each grade level, enabling efficient knowledge transfer from teachers to students. The experimental results demonstrate that the model in the pre-distillation stage surpasses the existing state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, in the progressive distillation stage, the model significantly reduces the model parameters while maintaining a certain level of performance. Specifically, the model parameters of the lower-grade student model are reduced by 56.7\% compared to the baseline.

Learning to Behave Like Clean Speech: Dual-Branch Knowledge Distillation for Noise-Robust Fake Audio Detection

Most research in fake audio detection (FAD) focuses on improving performance on standard noise-free datasets. However, in actual situations, there is usually noise interference, which will cause significant performance degradation in FAD systems. To improve the noise robustness, we propose a dual-branch knowledge distillation fake audio detection (DKDFAD) method. Specifically, a parallel data flow of the clean teacher branch and the noisy student branch is designed, and interactive fusion and response-based teacher-student paradigms are proposed to guide the training of noisy data from the data distribution and decision-making perspectives. In the noise branch, speech enhancement is first introduced for denoising, which reduces the interference of strong noise. The proposed interactive fusion combines denoising features and noise features to reduce the impact of speech distortion and seek consistency with the data distribution of clean branch. The teacher-student paradigm maps the student's decision space to the teacher's decision space, making noisy speech behave as clean. In addition, a joint training method is used to optimize the two branches to achieve global optimality. Experimental results based on multiple datasets show that the proposed method performs well in noisy environments and maintains performance in cross-dataset experiments.

DGSD: Dynamical Graph Self-Distillation for EEG-Based Auditory Spatial Attention Detection

Auditory Attention Detection (AAD) aims to detect target speaker from brain signals in a multi-speaker environment. Although EEG-based AAD methods have shown promising results in recent years, current approaches primarily rely on traditional convolutional neural network designed for processing Euclidean data like images. This makes it challenging to handle EEG signals, which possess non-Euclidean characteristics. In order to address this problem, this paper proposes a dynamical graph self-distillation (DGSD) approach for AAD, which does not require speech stimuli as input. Specifically, to effectively represent the non-Euclidean properties of EEG signals, dynamical graph convolutional networks are applied to represent the graph structure of EEG signals, which can also extract crucial features related to auditory spatial attention in EEG signals. In addition, to further improve AAD detection performance, self-distillation, consisting of feature distillation and hierarchical distillation strategies at each layer, is integrated. These strategies leverage features and classification results from the deepest network layers to guide the learning of shallow layers. Our experiments are conducted on two publicly available datasets, KUL and DTU. Under a 1-second time window, we achieve results of 90.0\% and 79.6\% accuracy on KUL and DTU, respectively. We compare our DGSD method with competitive baselines, and the experimental results indicate that the detection performance of our proposed DGSD method is not only superior to the best reproducible baseline but also significantly reduces the number of trainable parameters by approximately 100 times.

Spatial Reconstructed Local Attention Res2Net with F0 Subband for Fake Speech Detection

The rhythm of synthetic speech is usually too smooth, which causes that the fundamental frequency (F0) of synthetic speech is significantly different from that of real speech. It is expected that the F0 feature contains the discriminative information for the fake speech detection (FSD) task. In this paper, we propose a novel F0 subband for FSD. In addition, to effectively model the F0 subband so as to improve the performance of FSD, the spatial reconstructed local attention Res2Net (SR-LA Res2Net) is proposed. Specifically, Res2Net is used as a backbone network to obtain multiscale information, and enhanced with a spatial reconstruction mechanism to avoid losing important information when the channel group is constantly superimposed. In addition, local attention is designed to make the model focus on the local information of the F0 subband. Experimental results on the ASVspoof 2019 LA dataset show that our proposed method obtains an equal error rate (EER) of 0.47% and a minimum tandem detection cost function (min t-DCF) of 0.0159, achieving the state-of-the-art performance among all of the single systems.

Multi-perspective Information Fusion Res2Net with RandomSpecmix for Fake Speech Detection

In this paper, we propose the multi-perspective information fusion (MPIF) Res2Net with random Specmix for fake speech detection (FSD). The main purpose of this system is to improve the model's ability to learn precise forgery information for FSD task in low-quality scenarios. The task of random Specmix, a data augmentation, is to improve the generalization ability of the model and enhance the model's ability to locate discriminative information. Specmix cuts and pastes the frequency dimension information of the spectrogram in the same batch of samples without introducing other data, which helps the model to locate the really useful information. At the same time, we randomly select samples for augmentation to reduce the impact of data augmentation directly changing all the data. Once the purpose of helping the model to locate information is achieved, it is also important to reduce unnecessary information. The role of MPIF-Res2Net is to reduce redundant interference information. Deceptive information from a single perspective is always similar, so the model learning this similar information will produce redundant spoofing clues and interfere with truly discriminative information. The proposed MPIF-Res2Net fuses information from different perspectives, making the information learned by the model more diverse, thereby reducing the redundancy caused by similar information and avoiding interference with the learning of discriminative information. The results on the ASVspoof 2021 LA dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method, achieving EER and min-tDCF of 3.29% and 0.2557, respectively.

Learning From Yourself: A Self-Distillation Method for Fake Speech Detection

In this paper, we propose a novel self-distillation method for fake speech detection (FSD), which can significantly improve the performance of FSD without increasing the model complexity. For FSD, some fine-grained information is very important, such as spectrogram defects, mute segments, and so on, which are often perceived by shallow networks. However, shallow networks have much noise, which can not capture this very well. To address this problem, we propose using the deepest network instruct shallow network for enhancing shallow networks. Specifically, the networks of FSD are divided into several segments, the deepest network being used as the teacher model, and all shallow networks become multiple student models by adding classifiers. Meanwhile, the distillation path between the deepest network feature and shallow network features is used to reduce the feature difference. A series of experimental results on the ASVspoof 2019 LA and PA datasets show the effectiveness of the proposed method, with significant improvements compared to the baseline.

SceneFake: An Initial Dataset and Benchmarks for Scene Fake Audio Detection

Previous databases have been designed to further the development of fake audio detection. However, fake utterances are mostly generated by altering timbre, prosody, linguistic content or channel noise of original audios. They ignore a fake situation, in which the attacker manipulates an acoustic scene of the original audio with another forgery one. It will pose a major threat to our society if some people misuse the manipulated audio with malicious purpose. Therefore, this motivates us to fill in the gap. This paper designs such a dataset for scene fake audio detection (SceneFake). A manipulated audio in the SceneFake dataset involves only tampering the acoustic scene of an utterance by using speech enhancement technologies. We can not only detect fake utterances on a seen test set but also evaluate the generalization of fake detection models to unseen manipulation attacks. Some benchmark results are described on the SceneFake dataset. Besides, an analysis of fake attacks with different speech enhancement technologies and signal-to-noise ratios are presented on the dataset. The results show that scene manipulated utterances can not be detected reliably by the existing baseline models of ASVspoof 2019. Furthermore, the detection of unseen scene manipulation audio is still challenging.

Fully Automated End-to-End Fake Audio Detection

The existing fake audio detection systems often rely on expert experience to design the acoustic features or manually design the hyperparameters of the network structure. However, artificial adjustment of the parameters can have a relatively obvious influence on the results. It is almost impossible to manually set the best set of parameters. Therefore this paper proposes a fully automated end-toend fake audio detection method. We first use wav2vec pre-trained model to obtain a high-level representation of the speech. Furthermore, for the network structure, we use a modified version of the differentiable architecture search (DARTS) named light-DARTS. It learns deep speech representations while automatically learning and optimizing complex neural structures consisting of convolutional operations and residual blocks. The experimental results on the ASVspoof 2019 LA dataset show that our proposed system achieves an equal error rate (EER) of 1.08%, which outperforms the state-of-the-art single system.

Audio Deepfake Detection Based on a Combination of F0 Information and Real Plus Imaginary Spectrogram Features

Recently, pioneer research works have proposed a large number of acoustic features (log power spectrogram, linear frequency cepstral coefficients, constant Q cepstral coefficients, etc.) for audio deepfake detection, obtaining good performance, and showing that different subbands have different contributions to audio deepfake detection. However, this lacks an explanation of the specific information in the subband, and these features also lose information such as phase. Inspired by the mechanism of synthetic speech, the fundamental frequency (F0) information is used to improve the quality of synthetic speech, while the F0 of synthetic speech is still too average, which differs significantly from that of real speech. It is expected that F0 can be used as important information to discriminate between bonafide and fake speech, while this information cannot be used directly due to the irregular distribution of F0. Insteadly, the frequency band containing most of F0 is selected as the input feature. Meanwhile, to make full use of the phase and full-band information, we also propose to use real and imaginary spectrogram features as complementary input features and model the disjoint subbands separately. Finally, the results of F0, real and imaginary spectrogram features are fused. Experimental results on the ASVspoof 2019 LA dataset show that our proposed system is very effective for the audio deepfake detection task, achieving an equivalent error rate (EER) of 0.43%, which surpasses almost all systems.

ADD 2022: the First Audio Deep Synthesis Detection Challenge

Audio deepfake detection is an emerging topic, which was included in the ASVspoof 2021. However, the recent shared tasks have not covered many real-life and challenging scenarios. The first Audio Deep synthesis Detection challenge (ADD) was motivated to fill in the gap. The ADD 2022 includes three tracks: low-quality fake audio detection (LF), partially fake audio detection (PF) and audio fake game (FG). The LF track focuses on dealing with bona fide and fully fake utterances with various real-world noises etc. The PF track aims to distinguish the partially fake audio from the real. The FG track is a rivalry game, which includes two tasks: an audio generation task and an audio fake detection task. In this paper, we describe the datasets, evaluation metrics, and protocols. We also report major findings that reflect the recent advances in audio deepfake detection tasks.