Mapping the Increasing Use of LLMs in Scientific Papers

Scientific publishing lays the foundation of science by disseminating research findings, fostering collaboration, encouraging reproducibility, and ensuring that scientific knowledge is accessible, verifiable, and built upon over time. Recently, there has been immense speculation about how many people are using large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT in their academic writing, and to what extent this tool might have an effect on global scientific practices. However, we lack a precise measure of the proportion of academic writing substantially modified or produced by LLMs. To address this gap, we conduct the first systematic, large-scale analysis across 950,965 papers published between January 2020 and February 2024 on the arXiv, bioRxiv, and Nature portfolio journals, using a population-level statistical framework to measure the prevalence of LLM-modified content over time. Our statistical estimation operates on the corpus level and is more robust than inference on individual instances. Our findings reveal a steady increase in LLM usage, with the largest and fastest growth observed in Computer Science papers (up to 17.5%). In comparison, Mathematics papers and the Nature portfolio showed the least LLM modification (up to 6.3%). Moreover, at an aggregate level, our analysis reveals that higher levels of LLM-modification are associated with papers whose first authors post preprints more frequently, papers in more crowded research areas, and papers of shorter lengths. Our findings suggests that LLMs are being broadly used in scientific writings.

Monitoring AI-Modified Content at Scale: A Case Study on the Impact of ChatGPT on AI Conference Peer Reviews

We present an approach for estimating the fraction of text in a large corpus which is likely to be substantially modified or produced by a large language model (LLM). Our maximum likelihood model leverages expert-written and AI-generated reference texts to accurately and efficiently examine real-world LLM-use at the corpus level. We apply this approach to a case study of scientific peer review in AI conferences that took place after the release of ChatGPT: ICLR 2024, NeurIPS 2023, CoRL 2023 and EMNLP 2023. Our results suggest that between 6.5% and 16.9% of text submitted as peer reviews to these conferences could have been substantially modified by LLMs, i.e. beyond spell-checking or minor writing updates. The circumstances in which generated text occurs offer insight into user behavior: the estimated fraction of LLM-generated text is higher in reviews which report lower confidence, were submitted close to the deadline, and from reviewers who are less likely to respond to author rebuttals. We also observe corpus-level trends in generated text which may be too subtle to detect at the individual level, and discuss the implications of such trends on peer review. We call for future interdisciplinary work to examine how LLM use is changing our information and knowledge practices.

A Delay Compensation Framework Based on Eye-Movement for Teleoperated Ground Vehicles

An eye-movement-based predicted trajectory guidance control (ePTGC) is proposed to mitigate the maneuverability degradation of a teleoperated ground vehicle caused by communication delays. Human sensitivity to delays is the main reason for the performance degradation of a ground vehicle teleoperation system. The proposed framework extracts human intention from eye-movement. Then, it combines it with contextual constraints to generate an intention-compliant guidance trajectory, which is then employed to control the vehicle directly. The advantage of this approach is that the teleoperator is removed from the direct control loop by using the generated trajectories to guide vehicle, thus reducing the adverse sensitivity to delay. The delay can be compensated as long as the prediction horizon exceeds the delay. A human-in-loop simulation platform is designed to evaluate the teleoperation performance of the proposed method at different delay levels. The results are analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA, which shows that the proposed method significantly improves maneuverability and cognitive burden at large delay levels (>200 ms). The overall performance is also much better than the PTGC which does not employ the eye-movement feature.

Low-Rank Reorganization via Proportional Hazards Non-negative Matrix Factorization Unveils Survival Associated Gene Clusters

One of the central goals in precision health is the understanding and interpretation of high-dimensional biological data to identify genes and markers associated with disease initiation, development, and outcomes. Though significant effort has been committed to harness gene expression data for multiple analyses while accounting for time-to-event modeling by including survival times, many traditional analyses have focused separately on non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) of the gene expression data matrix and survival regression with Cox proportional hazards model. In this work, Cox proportional hazards regression is integrated with NMF by imposing survival constraints. This is accomplished by jointly optimizing the Frobenius norm and partial log likelihood for events such as death or relapse. Simulation results on synthetic data demonstrated the superiority of the proposed method, when compared to other algorithms, in finding survival associated gene clusters. In addition, using human cancer gene expression data, the proposed technique can unravel critical clusters of cancer genes. The discovered gene clusters reflect rich biological implications and can help identify survival-related biomarkers. Towards the goal of precision health and cancer treatments, the proposed algorithm can help understand and interpret high-dimensional heterogeneous genomics data with accurate identification of survival-associated gene clusters.