Benchmarking Knowledge Boundary for Large Language Model: A Different Perspective on Model Evaluation

In recent years, substantial advancements have been made in the development of large language models, achieving remarkable performance across diverse tasks. To evaluate the knowledge ability of language models, previous studies have proposed lots of benchmarks based on question-answering pairs. We argue that it is not reliable and comprehensive to evaluate language models with a fixed question or limited paraphrases as the query, since language models are sensitive to prompt. Therefore, we introduce a novel concept named knowledge boundary to encompass both prompt-agnostic and prompt-sensitive knowledge within language models. Knowledge boundary avoids prompt sensitivity in language model evaluations, rendering them more dependable and robust. To explore the knowledge boundary for a given model, we propose projected gradient descent method with semantic constraints, a new algorithm designed to identify the optimal prompt for each piece of knowledge. Experiments demonstrate a superior performance of our algorithm in computing the knowledge boundary compared to existing methods. Furthermore, we evaluate the ability of multiple language models in several domains with knowledge boundary.

History Matters: Temporal Knowledge Editing in Large Language Model

The imperative task of revising or updating the knowledge stored within large language models arises from two distinct sources: intrinsic errors inherent in the model which should be corrected and outdated knowledge due to external shifts in the real world which should be updated. Prevailing efforts in model editing conflate these two distinct categories of edits arising from distinct reasons and directly modify the original knowledge in models into new knowledge. However, we argue that preserving the model's original knowledge remains pertinent. Specifically, if a model's knowledge becomes outdated due to evolving worldly dynamics, it should retain recollection of the historical knowledge while integrating the newfound knowledge. In this work, we introduce the task of Temporal Knowledge Editing (TKE) and establish a benchmark AToKe (Assessment of TempOral Knowledge Editing) to evaluate current model editing methods. We find that while existing model editing methods are effective at making models remember new knowledge, the edited model catastrophically forgets historical knowledge. To address this gap, we propose a simple and general framework termed Multi-Editing with Time Objective (METO) for enhancing existing editing models, which edits both historical and new knowledge concurrently and optimizes the model's prediction for the time of each fact. Our assessments demonstrate that while AToKe is still difficult, METO maintains the effectiveness of learning new knowledge and meanwhile substantially improves the performance of edited models on utilizing historical knowledge.

ALCUNA: Large Language Models Meet New Knowledge

With the rapid development of NLP, large-scale language models (LLMs) excel in various tasks across multiple domains now. However, existing benchmarks may not adequately measure these models' capabilities, especially when faced with new knowledge. In this paper, we address the lack of benchmarks to evaluate LLMs' ability to handle new knowledge, an important and challenging aspect in the rapidly evolving world. We propose an approach called KnowGen that generates new knowledge by altering existing entity attributes and relationships, resulting in artificial entities that are distinct from real-world entities. With KnowGen, we introduce a benchmark named ALCUNA to assess LLMs' abilities in knowledge understanding, differentiation, and association. We benchmark several LLMs, reveals that their performance in face of new knowledge is not satisfactory, particularly in reasoning between new and internal knowledge. We also explore the impact of entity similarity on the model's understanding of entity knowledge and the influence of contextual entities. We appeal to the need for caution when using LLMs in new scenarios or with new knowledge, and hope that our benchmarks can help drive the development of LLMs in face of new knowledge.

A Comprehensive Evaluation and Analysis Study for Chinese Spelling Check

With the development of pre-trained models and the incorporation of phonetic and graphic information, neural models have achieved high scores in Chinese Spelling Check (CSC). However, it does not provide a comprehensive reflection of the models' capability due to the limited test sets. In this study, we abstract the representative model paradigm, implement it with nine structures and experiment them on comprehensive test sets we constructed with different purposes. We perform a detailed analysis of the results and find that: 1) Fusing phonetic and graphic information reasonably is effective for CSC. 2) Models are sensitive to the error distribution of the test set, which reflects the shortcomings of models and reveals the direction we should work on. 3) Whether or not the errors and contexts have been seen has a significant impact on models. 4) The commonly used benchmark, SIGHAN, can not reliably evaluate models' performance.

Human-like Summarization Evaluation with ChatGPT

Evaluating text summarization is a challenging problem, and existing evaluation metrics are far from satisfactory. In this study, we explored ChatGPT's ability to perform human-like summarization evaluation using four human evaluation methods on five datasets. We found that ChatGPT was able to complete annotations relatively smoothly using Likert scale scoring, pairwise comparison, Pyramid, and binary factuality evaluation. Additionally, it outperformed commonly used automatic evaluation metrics on some datasets. Furthermore, we discussed the impact of different prompts, compared its performance with that of human evaluation, and analyzed the generated explanations and invalid responses.

Chinese Spelling Check with Nearest Neighbors

Chinese Spelling Check (CSC) aims to detect and correct error tokens in Chinese contexts, which has a wide range of applications. In this paper, we introduce InfoKNN-CSC, extending the standard CSC model by linearly interpolating it with a k-nearest neighbors (kNN) model. Moreover, the phonetic, graphic, and contextual information (info) of tokens and contexts are elaborately incorporated into the design of the query and key of kNN, according to the characteristics of the task. After retrieval, in order to match the candidates more accurately, we also perform reranking methods based on the overlap of the n-gram values and inputs. Experiments on the SIGHAN benchmarks demonstrate that the proposed model achieves state-of-the-art performance with substantial improvements over existing work.