Hubs or Fringes: Pretraining Data Selection via Web Graph Centrality

The performance of modern language models depends critically on pretraining data composition. Yet existing data selection methods rely on auxiliary classifiers for document scoring or mixture optimization, adding computational overhead and dependence on labeled data. We propose WebGraphMix, a lightweight data selection framework that computes structural centrality scores over the Common Crawl host-level web graph and uses them to vary the proportion of central versus peripheral documents in the pretraining mixture. We hypothesize that central hosts expose models to reusable abstractions, while peripheral hosts encode specialized, long-tail knowledge. WebGraphMix computes centrality scores efficiently at web scale, requiring no model training, labeled data, or downstream supervision. We integrate WebGraphMix into the DataComp-LM pipeline and train models at 400M and 1B parameter scales with 8B and 28B tokens respectively, evaluating on 23 tasks ranging from factual knowledge to symbolic reasoning. Our experiments show that central and peripheral web regions encode complementary capabilities. Mixture combining both at a ratio of 1:1 achieves 41.4% on average, compared to 39.8% for uniform sampling. Combining structural scores with document-level quality classifier scores further improves performance to 43.8%. These findings demonstrate that web graph topology is a meaningful axis for pretraining data curation, capturing information that is largely orthogonal to existing content-based approaches.

IR-SIM: A Lightweight Skill-Native Simulator for Navigation, Learning, and Benchmarking

Simulation plays a key role in automated robotics research supported by large language models (LLMs). However, existing simulators often require custom code or complex interfaces, creating a barrier to rapid prototyping and automated algorithm development. To this end, we propose the Intelligent Robot Simulator (IR-SIM), a lightweight skill-native navigation simulator designed for rapid scenario construction, benchmarking, and robot learning. In IR-SIM, scenarios are entirely defined by YAML configuration files that specify mobile robot kinematics, geometric collision checking, LiDAR sensing, visualization, and behavior modules. This design makes robotic simulation fully describable and reproducible, allowing scenarios to be generated and modified from text prompts through the proposed IR-SIM agent skills. The resulting scenarios can be used for automated benchmarking of navigation algorithms and for automated generation of training data for learning methods. Furthermore, IR-SIM provides bridges to high fidelity simulators and real world deployment, allowing users to validate their algorithms in more realistic settings after prototyping without extra coding. The experiments showcase the convenience and versatility of IR-SIM in multiple tasks: constructing navigation scenarios from natural language, training a collision avoidance policy, benchmarking social navigation policies, and bridging to high fidelity simulators and real world deployment. The project website is available at https://github.com/hanruihua/ir-sim.

Distributed MoE-based Uplink Detection for Cell-Free Communication Systems

Cell-free Massive multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) is recognized as a key technology for beyond-5G networks, where distributed access points (APs) jointly serve user equipments (UEs) to address the inherent inter-cell interference issue inherent in cellular systems. While conventional distributed signal detection methods offer a practical balance between performance and fronthaul load, they are fundamentally limited by linear processing constraints. In this paper, we propose a novel deep learning based uplink detection framework by introducing the distributed mixture of experts detection network (DMoE-DetNet). In this architecture, each AP acts as a local expert employing convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for non-linear feature extraction, and transmits the local minimum mean square error (MMSE) detection results and statistical channel information to the central processing unit (CPU). In the CPU, an attention-based encoder module captures complex spatio-temporal dependencies among users for global feature fusion, with a gating network at the central processor dynamically weighting the contributions from different APs. At last, a linear detector outputs the symbol probability. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed DMoE-DetNet significantly outperforms conventional linear processing based cell-free signal detection methods in terms of symbol error rate, showcasing the potential of artificial intelligence-enabled communication systems.

JMed48k: A Multi-Profession Japanese Medical Licensing Benchmark for Vision-Language Model Evaluation

We introduce JMed48k, a multi-profession Japanese healthcare licensing benchmark for evaluating vision-language models. Built from official PDF materials released by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, JMed48k contains 48,862 exam questions and 20,142 images from 11 national licensing examinations between 2005 and 2025, with visual content annotated under an 8-type taxonomy. From this corpus, we derive JMed48k-Eval, a recent five-year evaluation subset with 12,484 scored questions, including 9,905 text-only questions and 2,579 questions with images. We evaluate 21 proprietary, open-source, and medical-specific models, reporting text-only and with-image performance separately. Because these subsets contain different questions, we further introduce a paired image-removal audit that evaluates questions with images before and after removing visual content to explore four answer-transition states. The audit shows that proprietary and open source models gain substantially from images, whereas medical-specific systems show limited observable use of visual evidence, with many correct answers persisting after image removal. Even among proprietary models, the net image-removal effect varies sevenfold across professions, from +5.7 points on Physician questions to +39.8 points on Public Health Nurse questions. We release JMed48k to support reproducible, profession-stratified evaluation of vision-language models in medical licensing settings.

Reinforcement Learning for Risk Adaptation via Differentiable CVaR Barrier Functions

Planning through crowded environments under uncertain obstacle motions remains difficult, as stochastic interactions often induce overly conservative behavior or reduced efficiency. To address this challenge, we propose an end-to-end risk adaptation framework for crowd navigation under obstacle-motion uncertainty modeled by a Gaussian mixture model. The framework combines reinforcement learning~(RL) with a differentiable quadratic-program safety layer based on Conditional Value-at-Risk~(CVaR) barrier functions, jointly learning nominal control input, risk level, and safety margin and enforcing explicit probabilistic safety constraints. This design enables context-aware adaptation, promoting efficient behavior while invoking caution only when necessary. We conduct extensive evaluations in dynamic, uncertain, and crowded environments across varying obstacle densities and robot models, and further assess generalization under three out-of-distribution cases. Comparisons across optimization-based, RL-based, and integrated RL and optimization methods are provided, and the proposed method is shown to deliver the strongest overall performance in safety, efficiency, and generalization under uncertainty.

Terminal-World: Scaling Terminal-Agent Environments via Agent Skills

Terminal agents extend Large Language Models with the ability to execute tasks directly in command-line environments, but their progress is bottlenecked by the scarcity of high-quality training data. Existing approaches bootstrap from partial sources such as human-defined seeds or GitHub repositories to instantiate one component and then complete the rest, producing tasks confined to narrow seed distributions, environments misaligned with task semantics, and inefficient trajectories from unguided exploration. To address these limitations, we introduce Terminal-World, a fully automated pipeline that uses agent skills as the central synthesis primitive, which jointly encode what to accomplish, when to apply (preconditions and environment state), and how to execute, enabling task instructions, environments, and teacher trajectories to be co-derived. To further broaden the synthesis space, Terminal-World composes skills into skill teams and skill graphs for multi-role and cross-domain task synthesis. Using this pipeline, we construct 5,723 training environments and train Terminal-World-8B/14B/32B, evaluated across 6 benchmarks where the Terminal-World series consistently outperforms terminal-agent baselines. Notably, using the same teacher model and only 1.2% of the training data, Terminal-World-32B surpasses Nemotron-Terminal-32B on Terminal-Bench 2.0 by +4.5 Pass@1 (31.5) and achieves 43.8 Pass@3.

FGSVQA: Frequency-Guided Short-form Video Quality Assessment

Short-form video poses new challenges to the quality assessment of user-generated content (UGC) due to its complex generation pipeline, rapid content variation, and mixed distortions. To address this challenge, we propose an end-to-end video quality assessment (VQA) framework that employs a dense visual encoder based on CLIP, and incorporates compression priors derived from the frequency domain to generate artifact- and structure-aware weight maps for feature aggregation. By explicitly decomposing artifact, structure, and original visual feature branches and adaptively fusing them over time through a learned gating module, the proposed method achieves accurate and efficient quality prediction. Experimental results show that our method achieves strong performance on short-form video datasets in terms of average rank and linear correlation (SRCC: 0.736, PLCC: 0.787), while maintaining efficient inference runtime. The code and additional results are available at: https://github.com/xinyiW915/FGSVQA.

Movable Antenna-Enabled Integrated Sensing and Communication in Low-Altitude UAV Networks

This paper investigates a multiple unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system equipped with movable antenna (MA) arrays. To align with practical scenarios, we simulate the dynamic roaming of ground users and the three-dimensional deployment of UAVs in the airspace. We aim to maximize the total data rate by jointly optimizing key operational variables, including UAV trajectories, user association, antenna positions, and beamforming. This formulated problem is subject to constraints on transmission power and the sensing signal-to-noise ratio. To address the challenge of dynamically unknown state transitions due to user mobility, the original problem is decomposed into two steps and solved using different algorithms. First, we utilize the hierarchical density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (HDBSCAN) algorithm to address the ground-to-air association problem, periodically updating clusters and re-associating during training. The clustering hotspots are used to suggest flight directions for the UAVs. Second, we develop the soft actor-critic algorithm to solve the joint optimization problem of UAV trajectories, antenna positions, and beamforming. Experimental results demonstrate that UAVs equipped with MA arrays outperform those with traditional fixed antenna arrays in ISAC systems, and the proposed optimization strategy effectively enhances communication rates while ensuring sensing performance.

Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation

While large language model--powered agents can self-evolve by accumulating experience or by dynamically creating new assets (i.e., tools or expert agents), existing frameworks typically treat these two evolutionary processes in isolation. This separation overlooks their intrinsic interdependence: the former is inherently bounded by a manually predefined static toolset, while the latter generates new assets from scratch without experiential guidance, leading to limited capability growth and unstable evolution. To address this limitation, we introduce a novel paradigm of co-evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation. Guided by this paradigm, we propose the \textbf{Mem$^{\textbf{2}}$Evolve}, which integrates two core components: \textbf{Experience Memory} and \textbf{Asset Memory}. Specifically, Mem$^{2}$Evolve leverages accumulated experience to guide the dynamic creation of assets, thereby expanding the agent's capability space while simultaneously acquiring new experience to achieve co-evolution. Extensive experiments across 6 task categories and 8 benchmarks demonstrate that Mem$^{2}$Evolve achieves improvement of 18.53\% over standard LLMs, 11.80\% over agents evolving solely through experience, and 6.46\% over those evolving solely through asset creation, establishing it as a substantially more effective and stable self-evolving agent framework. Code is available at: https://buaa-irip-llm.github.io/Mem2Evolve.

GhostCite: A Large-Scale Analysis of Citation Validity in the Age of Large Language Models

Citations provide the basis for trusting scientific claims; when they are invalid or fabricated, this trust collapses. With the advent of Large Language Models (LLMs), this risk has intensified: LLMs are increasingly used for academic writing, yet their tendency to fabricate citations (``ghost citations'') poses a systemic threat to citation validity. To quantify this threat and inform mitigation, we develop CiteVerifier, an open-source framework for large-scale citation verification, and conduct the first comprehensive study of citation validity in the LLM era through three experiments built on it. We benchmark 13 state-of-the-art LLMs on citation generation across 40 research domains, finding that all models hallucinate citations at rates from 14.23\% to 94.93\%, with significant variation across research domains. Moreover, we analyze 2.2 million citations from 56,381 papers published at top-tier AI/ML and Security venues (2020--2025), confirming that 1.07\% of papers contain invalid or fabricated citations (604 papers), with an 80.9\% increase in 2025 alone. Furthermore, we survey 97 researchers and analyze 94 valid responses after removing 3 conflicting samples, revealing a critical ``verification gap'': 41.5\% of researchers copy-paste BibTeX without checking and 44.4\% choose no-action responses when encountering suspicious references; meanwhile, 76.7\% of reviewers do not thoroughly check references and 80.0\% never suspect fake citations. Our findings reveal an accelerating crisis where unreliable AI tools, combined with inadequate human verification by researchers and insufficient peer review scrutiny, enable fabricated citations to contaminate the scientific record. We propose interventions for researchers, venues, and tool developers to protect citation integrity.