Quo Vadis, World Modeling?

Continually improving agents require dynamic interaction feedback beyond static supervision, yet direct real-environment interaction is costly, slow, unsafe, and hard to parallelize. World modeling offers a natural intermediate proxy that allows agents to query lower-cost, more controllable feedback before committing to real actions. Classical world models instantiate this proxy primarily through future physical-state prediction, a formulation useful yet narrow for agents that require actionable feedback beyond raw state transitions. In this work, we conceptualize Agent-Centric Interactive World Proxies, shifting the fundamental paradigm from physical state transitions to agent-usable information transitions, such as execution outcomes, retrieved experiences or skills, and verification signals, broadening the scope of world modeling to provide versatile feedback for continually improving agents. To systematically map this design space, we organize world proxies into six functional forms based on their feedback modalities: dynamics, spatial, execution, memory/experience, skill, and reward/verification proxies, which together characterize the primary ways world modeling serves agent improvement. We further analyze how these proxies empower agents across three progressive levels: L.1 Inference-Time Guidance, where proxy outputs enrich in-context information for superior decisions; L.2 Training-Time Optimization, where proxy outputs yield rewards, critiques, or synthetic rollouts for policy learning; and L.3 Agent-Proxy Co-Evolution, where real-environment evidence continuously updates both the proxy and the agent for co-evolution. Ultimately, this work recasts world modeling into an agent-centric paradigm, establishing a roadmap for building world proxies that empower agents to plan better, learn faster, and evolve continually.

MemHarness: Memory Is Reconstructed, Not Replayed

Retrieving past experiences has become a common strategy to enhance large language model agents. However, most existing memory-augmented agents treat retrieved experiences as static records to be replayed verbatim, injecting them into the context regardless of whether they align with the agent's current situation. This ``replay'' paradigm ignores the gap between the abstract, general nature of stored experience and the concrete, ever-changing states encountered at decision time, frequently causing negative transfer. In contrast, humans rarely recall past experiences verbatim; instead, they reorganize and adapt retrieved memories to fit the present context. Inspired by this, we propose MemHarness, a framework that equips LLM agents to actively harness and reconstruct past experiences based on the present context. At each decision step, a unified policy model critiques and reconstructs the retrieved experience conditioned on the current state, producing context-grounded guidance before acting. This reconstructive ability emerges naturally through end-to-end training with GRPO. Experiments on ALFWorld and WebShop show that MemHarness substantially outperforms pure RL and static memory-augmented baselines, demonstrating strong robustness in out-of-distribution (OOD) scenarios. Furthermore, our analyses reveal that this reconstruction objective not only prevents negative transfer but also serves as latent guidance during training, fundamentally improving the agent's intrinsic reasoning capabilities.

Proxy Exploration and Reusable Guidance: A Modular LLM Post-Training Paradigm via Proxy-Guided Update Signals

Post-training is essential for refining the domain-specific capabilities of large language models (LLMs), yet existing reward optimization and distribution matching methods tightly couple policy exploration with distribution alignment. This coupling forces expensive exploration directly on the policy model and severely hinders the asynchronous generation, reuse, and cross-model transfer of optimization signals. In this paper, we propose Proxy-guided Update Signal Transfer (PUST), a novel post-training framework that fundamentally decouples update-signal exploration from distribution alignment. Instead of utilizing the primary model for costly exploration, PUST employs a lightweight proxy model as an efficient testbed to discover high-reward behaviors. We extract the relative improvement signal between the proxy's initial and optimized states, transferring this directional update to the primary model to guide its policy alignment. This decoupled pipeline, comprising proxy exploration, update-signal extraction, and signal transfer, significantly reduces computational overhead and enables optimization signals to be asynchronously generated, cached, and reused. Crucially, by transferring relative improvements rather than absolute policy distributions, PUST naturally supports weak-to-strong improvement and seamless cross-model transfer. Systematic evaluations on Qwen3-family models across math and code domains demonstrate that update signals extracted from substantially weaker proxies can robustly and adjustably enhance stronger primary models. Ultimately, PUST transforms post-training from a monolithic online optimization process into a highly modular, reusable, and cost-efficient paradigm.

SPIKE: An Adaptive Dual Controller Framework for Cost-Efficient Long-Horizon Game Agents

Long-horizon multimodal agents in open-world games must stay goal-directed across many low-level interactions under tight token and latency budgets. Existing approaches often trade off costly per-step reasoning against reactive execution that can drift, repeat failures, and recover poorly. Our key idea is to reuse strategic reasoning across locally stable segments and reinvoke it at event boundaries. We present SPIKE, an adaptive dual controller framework for cost-efficient long-horizon game control. Its Strategic Controller performs low-frequency global planning, failure analysis, and recovery, while its Reactive Controller handles fast local execution under a strict token budget. An Event Trigger monitors visual change, task progress, repeated actions, and failure signals to decide when control should stay reactive or escalate to strategic reasoning. Hierarchical Memory separates short-term experience reuse in the State-Action Memory Bank (SA-MB) from structured evidence in the State Action Knowledge Graph (SA-KG), allowing each controller to retrieve the context it needs. This design reuses strategic proposals over multiple reactive steps, supports local override when plans become stale, and reserves expensive reasoning for moments where extra deliberation is useful. On the Lite-100 split of StarDojo, SPIKE improves Lite-100 success rate (SR) by 5.0 percentage points (38.5% relative) over the strongest Lite-100 baseline and Budgeted SR by 9.3 points (75.6% relative) over the strongest budgeted baseline. It also reduces token consumption by 54.9% and latency by 40.8%. Ablations show that event triggering, reactive override, and heterogeneous memory each contribute to success and recovery, supporting selective reasoning rather than reasoning at every step.

SPIRAL: A Closed-Loop Framework for Self-Improving Action World Models via Reflective Planning Agents

We introduce SPIRAL, a self-improving planning and iterative reflective action world modeling closed-loop framework that enables controllable long-horizon video generation conditioned on high-level semantic actions. Existing one-shot video generation models operate in open-loop, often resulting in incomplete action execution, weak semantic grounding, and temporal drift. SPIRAL formulates ActWM as a closed-loop think-act-reflect process, where generation proceeds step by step under explicit planning and feedback. A PlanAgent decomposes abstract actions into object-centric sub-actions, while a CriticAgent evaluates intermediate results and guides iterative refinement with long-horizon memory. This closed-loop design naturally supports RL evolving optimization, improving semantic alignment and temporal consistency over extended horizons. We further introduce the ActWM-Dataset and ActWM-Bench for training and evaluation. Experiments across multiple TI2V backbones demonstrate consistent gains on ActWM-Bench and mainstream video generation benchmarks, validating SPIRAL's effectiveness.

The Agent's First Day: Benchmarking Learning, Exploration, and Scheduling in the Workplace Scenarios

The rapid evolution of Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has advanced workflow automation; however, existing research mainly targets performance upper bounds in static environments, overlooking robustness for stochastic real-world deployment. We identify three key challenges: dynamic task scheduling, active exploration under uncertainty, and continuous learning from experience. To bridge this gap, we introduce \method{}, a dynamic evaluation environment that simulates a "trainee" agent continuously exploring a novel setting. Unlike traditional benchmarks, \method{} evaluates agents along three dimensions: (1) context-aware scheduling for streaming tasks with varying priorities; (2) prudent information acquisition to reduce hallucination via active exploration; and (3) continuous evolution by distilling generalized strategies from rule-based, dynamically generated tasks. Experiments show that cutting-edge agents have significant deficiencies in dynamic environments, especially in active exploration and continual learning. Our work establishes a framework for assessing agent reliability, shifting evaluation from static tests to realistic, production-oriented scenarios. Our codes are available at https://github.com/KnowledgeXLab/EvoEnv

Learning on the Job: An Experience-Driven Self-Evolving Agent for Long-Horizon Tasks

Large Language Models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse domains, yet significant challenges persist when deploying them as AI agents for real-world long-horizon tasks. Existing LLM agents suffer from a critical limitation: they are test-time static and cannot learn from experience, lacking the ability to accumulate knowledge and continuously improve on the job. To address this challenge, we propose MUSE, a novel agent framework that introduces an experience-driven, self-evolving system centered around a hierarchical Memory Module. MUSE organizes diverse levels of experience and leverages them to plan and execute long-horizon tasks across multiple applications. After each sub-task execution, the agent autonomously reflects on its trajectory, converting the raw trajectory into structured experience and integrating it back into the Memory Module. This mechanism enables the agent to evolve beyond its static pretrained parameters, fostering continuous learning and self-evolution. We evaluate MUSE on the long-horizon productivity benchmark TAC. It achieves new SOTA performance by a significant margin using only a lightweight Gemini-2.5 Flash model. Sufficient Experiments demonstrate that as the agent autonomously accumulates experience, it exhibits increasingly superior task completion capabilities, as well as robust continuous learning and self-evolution capabilities. Moreover, the accumulated experience from MUSE exhibits strong generalization properties, enabling zero-shot improvement on new tasks. MUSE establishes a new paradigm for AI agents capable of real-world productivity task automation.

X-Scene: Large-Scale Driving Scene Generation with High Fidelity and Flexible Controllability

Diffusion models are advancing autonomous driving by enabling realistic data synthesis, predictive end-to-end planning, and closed-loop simulation, with a primary focus on temporally consistent generation. However, the generation of large-scale 3D scenes that require spatial coherence remains underexplored. In this paper, we propose X-Scene, a novel framework for large-scale driving scene generation that achieves both geometric intricacy and appearance fidelity, while offering flexible controllability. Specifically, X-Scene supports multi-granular control, including low-level conditions such as user-provided or text-driven layout for detailed scene composition and high-level semantic guidance such as user-intent and LLM-enriched text prompts for efficient customization. To enhance geometrical and visual fidelity, we introduce a unified pipeline that sequentially generates 3D semantic occupancy and the corresponding multiview images, while ensuring alignment between modalities. Additionally, we extend the generated local region into a large-scale scene through consistency-aware scene outpainting, which extrapolates new occupancy and images conditioned on the previously generated area, enhancing spatial continuity and preserving visual coherence. The resulting scenes are lifted into high-quality 3DGS representations, supporting diverse applications such as scene exploration. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that X-Scene significantly advances controllability and fidelity for large-scale driving scene generation, empowering data generation and simulation for autonomous driving.

O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering

Large Language Models (LLMs), despite their advancements, are fundamentally limited by their static parametric knowledge, hindering performance on tasks requiring open-domain up-to-date information. While enabling LLMs to interact with external knowledge environments is a promising solution, current efforts primarily address closed-end problems. Open-ended questions, which characterized by lacking a standard answer or providing non-unique and diverse answers, remain underexplored. To bridge this gap, we present O$^2$-Searcher, a novel search agent leveraging reinforcement learning to effectively tackle both open-ended and closed-ended questions in the open domain. O$^2$-Searcher leverages an efficient, locally simulated search environment for dynamic knowledge acquisition, effectively decoupling the external world knowledge from model's sophisticated reasoning processes. It employs a unified training mechanism with meticulously designed reward functions, enabling the agent to identify problem types and adapt different answer generation strategies. Furthermore, to evaluate performance on complex open-ended tasks, we construct O$^2$-QA, a high-quality benchmark featuring 300 manually curated, multi-domain open-ended questions with associated web page caches. Extensive experiments show that O$^2$-Searcher, using only a 3B model, significantly surpasses leading LLM agents on O$^2$-QA. It also achieves SOTA results on various closed-ended QA benchmarks against similarly-sized models, while performing on par with much larger ones.

LeapVAD: A Leap in Autonomous Driving via Cognitive Perception and Dual-Process Thinking

While autonomous driving technology has made remarkable strides, data-driven approaches still struggle with complex scenarios due to their limited reasoning capabilities. Meanwhile, knowledge-driven autonomous driving systems have evolved considerably with the popularization of visual language models. In this paper, we propose LeapVAD, a novel method based on cognitive perception and dual-process thinking. Our approach implements a human-attentional mechanism to identify and focus on critical traffic elements that influence driving decisions. By characterizing these objects through comprehensive attributes - including appearance, motion patterns, and associated risks - LeapVAD achieves more effective environmental representation and streamlines the decision-making process. Furthermore, LeapVAD incorporates an innovative dual-process decision-making module miming the human-driving learning process. The system consists of an Analytic Process (System-II) that accumulates driving experience through logical reasoning and a Heuristic Process (System-I) that refines this knowledge via fine-tuning and few-shot learning. LeapVAD also includes reflective mechanisms and a growing memory bank, enabling it to learn from past mistakes and continuously improve its performance in a closed-loop environment. To enhance efficiency, we develop a scene encoder network that generates compact scene representations for rapid retrieval of relevant driving experiences. Extensive evaluations conducted on two leading autonomous driving simulators, CARLA and DriveArena, demonstrate that LeapVAD achieves superior performance compared to camera-only approaches despite limited training data. Comprehensive ablation studies further emphasize its effectiveness in continuous learning and domain adaptation. Project page: https://pjlab-adg.github.io/LeapVAD/.