RSTAR: Rotational Streak Artifact Reduction in 4D CBCT using Separable and Circular Convolutions

Four-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (4D CBCT) provides respiration-resolved images and can be used for image-guided radiation therapy. However, the ability to reveal respiratory motion comes at the cost of image artifacts. As raw projection data are sorted into multiple respiratory phases, there is a limited number of cone-beam projections available for image reconstruction. Consequently, the 4D CBCT images are covered by severe streak artifacts. Although several deep learning-based methods have been proposed to address this issue, most algorithms employ ordinary network models, neglecting the intrinsic structural prior within 4D CBCT images. In this paper, we first explore the origin and appearance of streak artifacts in 4D CBCT images.Specifically, we find that streak artifacts exhibit a periodic rotational motion along with the patient's respiration. This unique motion pattern inspires us to distinguish the artifacts from the desired anatomical structures in the spatiotemporal domain. Thereafter, we propose a spatiotemporal neural network named RSTAR-Net with separable and circular convolutions for Rotational Streak Artifact Reduction. The specially designed model effectively encodes dynamic image features, facilitating the recovery of 4D CBCT images. Moreover, RSTAR-Net is also lightweight and computationally efficient. Extensive experiments substantiate the effectiveness of our proposed method, and RSTAR-Net shows superior performance to comparison methods.

DPSUR: Accelerating Differentially Private Stochastic Gradient Descent Using Selective Update and Release

Machine learning models are known to memorize private data to reduce their training loss, which can be inadvertently exploited by privacy attacks such as model inversion and membership inference. To protect against these attacks, differential privacy (DP) has become the de facto standard for privacy-preserving machine learning, particularly those popular training algorithms using stochastic gradient descent, such as DPSGD. Nonetheless, DPSGD still suffers from severe utility loss due to its slow convergence. This is partially caused by the random sampling, which brings bias and variance to the gradient, and partially by the Gaussian noise, which leads to fluctuation of gradient updates. Our key idea to address these issues is to apply selective updates to the model training, while discarding those useless or even harmful updates. Motivated by this, this paper proposes DPSUR, a Differentially Private training framework based on Selective Updates and Release, where the gradient from each iteration is evaluated based on a validation test, and only those updates leading to convergence are applied to the model. As such, DPSUR ensures the training in the right direction and thus can achieve faster convergence than DPSGD. The main challenges lie in two aspects -- privacy concerns arising from gradient evaluation, and gradient selection strategy for model update. To address the challenges, DPSUR introduces a clipping strategy for update randomization and a threshold mechanism for gradient selection. Experiments conducted on MNIST, FMNIST, CIFAR-10, and IMDB datasets show that DPSUR significantly outperforms previous works in terms of convergence speed and model utility.

Exploiting Pre-Trained ASR Models for Alzheimer's Disease Recognition Through Spontaneous Speech

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and recently attracts extensive attention worldwide. Speech technology is considered a promising solution for the early diagnosis of AD and has been enthusiastically studied. Most recent works concentrate on the use of advanced BERT-like classifiers for AD detection. Input to these classifiers are speech transcripts produced by automatic speech recognition (ASR) models. The major challenge is that the quality of transcription could degrade significantly under complex acoustic conditions in the real world. The detection performance, in consequence, is largely limited. This paper tackles the problem via tailoring and adapting pre-trained neural-network based ASR model for the downstream AD recognition task. Only bottom layers of the ASR model are retained. A simple fully-connected neural network is added on top of the tailored ASR model for classification. The heavy BERT classifier is discarded. The resulting model is light-weight and can be fine-tuned in an end-to-end manner for AD recognition. Our proposed approach takes only raw speech as input, and no extra transcription process is required. The linguistic information of speech is implicitly encoded in the tailored ASR model and contributes to boosting the performance. Experiments show that our proposed approach outperforms the best manual transcript-based RoBERTa by an absolute margin of 4.6% in terms of accuracy. Our best-performing models achieve the accuracy of 83.2% and 78.0% in the long-audio and short-audio competition tracks of the 2021 NCMMSC Alzheimer's Disease Recognition Challenge, respectively.