MedRG: Medical Report Grounding with Multi-modal Large Language Model

Medical Report Grounding is pivotal in identifying the most relevant regions in medical images based on a given phrase query, a critical aspect in medical image analysis and radiological diagnosis. However, prevailing visual grounding approaches necessitate the manual extraction of key phrases from medical reports, imposing substantial burdens on both system efficiency and physicians. In this paper, we introduce a novel framework, Medical Report Grounding (MedRG), an end-to-end solution for utilizing a multi-modal Large Language Model to predict key phrase by incorporating a unique token, BOX, into the vocabulary to serve as an embedding for unlocking detection capabilities. Subsequently, the vision encoder-decoder jointly decodes the hidden embedding and the input medical image, generating the corresponding grounding box. The experimental results validate the effectiveness of MedRG, surpassing the performance of the existing state-of-the-art medical phrase grounding methods. This study represents a pioneering exploration of the medical report grounding task, marking the first-ever endeavor in this domain.

Destination-Constrained Linear Dynamical System Modeling in Set-Valued Frameworks

Directional motion towards a specified destination is a common occurrence in physical processes and human societal activities. Utilizing this prior information can significantly improve the control and predictive performance of system models. This paper primarily focuses on reconstructing linear dynamic system models based on destination constraints in the set-valued framework. We treat destination constraints as inherent information in the state evolution process and employ convex optimization techniques to construct a coherent and robust state model. This refined model effectively captures the impact of destination constraints on the state evolution at each time step. Furthermore, we design an optimal weight matrix for the reconstructed model to ensure smoother and more natural trajectories of state evolution. We also analyze the theoretical guarantee of optimality for this weight matrix and the properties of the reconstructed model. Finally, simulation experiments verify that the reconstructed model has significant advantages over the unconstrained and unoptimized weighted models and constrains the evolution of state trajectories with different starting and ending points.

Uncertainty-informed Mutual Learning for Joint Medical Image Classification and Segmentation

Classification and segmentation are crucial in medical image analysis as they enable accurate diagnosis and disease monitoring. However, current methods often prioritize the mutual learning features and shared model parameters, while neglecting the reliability of features and performances. In this paper, we propose a novel Uncertainty-informed Mutual Learning (UML) framework for reliable and interpretable medical image analysis. Our UML introduces reliability to joint classification and segmentation tasks, leveraging mutual learning with uncertainty to improve performance. To achieve this, we first use evidential deep learning to provide image-level and pixel-wise confidences. Then, an Uncertainty Navigator Decoder is constructed for better using mutual features and generating segmentation results. Besides, an Uncertainty Instructor is proposed to screen reliable masks for classification. Overall, UML could produce confidence estimation in features and performance for each link (classification and segmentation). The experiments on the public datasets demonstrate that our UML outperforms existing methods in terms of both accuracy and robustness. Our UML has the potential to explore the development of more reliable and explainable medical image analysis models. We will release the codes for reproduction after acceptance.

Reliable Multimodality Eye Disease Screening via Mixture of Student's t Distributions

Multimodality eye disease screening is crucial in ophthalmology as it integrates information from diverse sources to complement their respective performances. However, the existing methods are weak in assessing the reliability of each unimodality, and directly fusing an unreliable modality may cause screening errors. To address this issue, we introduce a novel multimodality evidential fusion pipeline for eye disease screening, EyeMoS$t$, which provides a measure of confidence for unimodality and elegantly integrates the multimodality information from a multi-distribution fusion perspective. Specifically, our model estimates both local uncertainty for unimodality and global uncertainty for the fusion modality to produce reliable classification results. More importantly, the proposed mixture of Student's $t$ distributions adaptively integrates different modalities to endow the model with heavy-tailed properties, increasing robustness and reliability. Our experimental findings on both public and in-house datasets show that our model is more reliable than current methods. Additionally, EyeMos$t$ has the potential ability to serve as a data quality discriminator, enabling reliable decision-making for multimodality eye disease screening.

A Review of Uncertainty Estimation and its Application in Medical Imaging

The use of AI systems in healthcare for the early screening of diseases is of great clinical importance. Deep learning has shown great promise in medical imaging, but the reliability and trustworthiness of AI systems limit their deployment in real clinical scenes, where patient safety is at stake. Uncertainty estimation plays a pivotal role in producing a confidence evaluation along with the prediction of the deep model. This is particularly important in medical imaging, where the uncertainty in the model's predictions can be used to identify areas of concern or to provide additional information to the clinician. In this paper, we review the various types of uncertainty in deep learning, including aleatoric uncertainty, epistemic uncertainty, and out-of-distribution uncertainty, and we discuss how they can be estimated in medical imaging. We also review recent advances in deep learning models that incorporate uncertainty estimation in medical imaging. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future directions in uncertainty estimation in deep learning for medical imaging. We hope this review will ignite further interest in the community and provide researchers with an up-to-date reference regarding applications of uncertainty estimation models in medical imaging.

EvidenceCap: Towards trustworthy medical image segmentation via evidential identity cap

Medical image segmentation (MIS) is essential for supporting disease diagnosis and treatment effect assessment. Despite considerable advances in artificial intelligence (AI) for MIS, clinicians remain skeptical of its utility, maintaining low confidence in such black box systems, with this problem being exacerbated by low generalization for out-of-distribution (OOD) data. To move towards effective clinical utilization, we propose a foundation model named EvidenceCap, which makes the box transparent in a quantifiable way by uncertainty estimation. EvidenceCap not only makes AI visible in regions of uncertainty and OOD data, but also enhances the reliability, robustness, and computational efficiency of MIS. Uncertainty is modeled explicitly through subjective logic theory to gather strong evidence from features. We show the effectiveness of EvidenceCap in three segmentation datasets and apply it to the clinic. Our work sheds light on clinical safe applications and explainable AI, and can contribute towards trustworthiness in the medical domain.

Seamless Tracking of Group Targets and Ungrouped Targets Using Belief Propagation

This paper considers the problem of tracking a large-scale number of group targets. Usually, multi-target in most tracking scenarios are assumed to have independent motion and are well-separated. However, for group target tracking (GTT), the targets within groups are closely spaced and move in a coordinated manner, the groups can split or merge, and the numbers of targets in groups may be large, which lead to more challenging data association, filtering and computation problems. Within the belief propagation (BP) framework, we propose a scalable group target belief propagation (GTBP) method by jointly inferring target existence variables, group structure, data association and target states. The method can efficiently calculate the approximations of the marginal posterior distributions of these variables by performing belief propagation on the devised factor graph. As a consequence, GTBP is capable of capturing the changes in group structure, e.g., group splitting and merging. Furthermore, we model the evolution of targets as the co-action of the group or single-target motions specified by the possible group structures and corresponding probabilities. This flexible modeling enables seamless and simultaneous tracking of multiple group targets and ungrouped targets. Particularly, GTBP has excellent scalability and low computational complexity. It not only maintains the same scalability as BP, i.e., scaling linearly in the number of sensor measurements and quadratically in the number of targets, but also only scales linearly in the number of preserved group partitions. Finally, numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability of the proposed GTBP method.

TBraTS: Trusted Brain Tumor Segmentation

Despite recent improvements in the accuracy of brain tumor segmentation, the results still exhibit low levels of confidence and robustness. Uncertainty estimation is one effective way to change this situation, as it provides a measure of confidence in the segmentation results. In this paper, we propose a trusted brain tumor segmentation network which can generate robust segmentation results and reliable uncertainty estimations without excessive computational burden and modification of the backbone network. In our method, uncertainty is modeled explicitly using subjective logic theory, which treats the predictions of backbone neural network as subjective opinions by parameterizing the class probabilities of the segmentation as a Dirichlet distribution. Meanwhile, the trusted segmentation framework learns the function that gathers reliable evidence from the feature leading to the final segmentation results. Overall, our unified trusted segmentation framework endows the model with reliability and robustness to out-of-distribution samples. To evaluate the effectiveness of our model in robustness and reliability, qualitative and quantitative experiments are conducted on the BraTS 2019 dataset.