OSM vs HD Maps: Map Representations for Trajectory Prediction

While High Definition (HD) Maps have long been favored for their precise depictions of static road elements, their accessibility constraints and susceptibility to rapid environmental changes impede the widespread deployment of autonomous driving, especially in the motion forecasting task. In this context, we propose to leverage OpenStreetMap (OSM) as a promising alternative to HD Maps for long-term motion forecasting. The contributions of this work are threefold: firstly, we extend the application of OSM to long-horizon forecasting, doubling the forecasting horizon compared to previous studies. Secondly, through an expanded receptive field and the integration of intersection priors, our OSM-based approach exhibits competitive performance, narrowing the gap with HD Map-based models. Lastly, we conduct an exhaustive context-aware analysis, providing deeper insights in motion forecasting across diverse scenarios as well as conducting class-aware comparisons. This research not only advances long-term motion forecasting with coarse map representations but additionally offers a potential scalable solution within the domain of autonomous driving.

A Real2Sim2Real Method for Robust Object Grasping with Neural Surface Reconstruction

Recent 3D-based manipulation methods either directly predict the grasp pose using 3D neural networks, or solve the grasp pose using similar objects retrieved from shape databases. However, the former faces generalizability challenges when testing with new robot arms or unseen objects; and the latter assumes that similar objects exist in the databases. We hypothesize that recent 3D modeling methods provides a path towards building digital replica of the evaluation scene that affords physical simulation and supports robust manipulation algorithm learning. We propose to reconstruct high-quality meshes from real-world point clouds using state-of-the-art neural surface reconstruction method (the Real2Sim step). Because most simulators take meshes for fast simulation, the reconstructed meshes enable grasp pose labels generation without human efforts. The generated labels can train grasp network that performs robustly in the real evaluation scene (the Sim2Real step). In synthetic and real experiments, we show that the Real2Sim2Real pipeline performs better than baseline grasp networks trained with a large dataset and a grasp sampling method with retrieval-based reconstruction. The benefit of the Real2Sim2Real pipeline comes from 1) decoupling scene modeling and grasp sampling into sub-problems, and 2) both sub-problems can be solved with sufficiently high quality using recent 3D learning algorithms and mesh-based physical simulation techniques.

Single RGB-D Camera Teleoperation for General Robotic Manipulation

We propose a teleoperation system that uses a single RGB-D camera as the human motion capture device. Our system can perform general manipulation tasks such as cloth folding, hammering and 3mm clearance peg in hole. We propose the use of non-Cartesian oblique coordinate frame, dynamic motion scaling and reposition of operator frames to increase the flexibility of our teleoperation system. We hypothesize that lowering the barrier of entry to teleoperation will allow for wider deployment of supervised autonomy system, which will in turn generates realistic datasets that unlock the potential of machine learning for robotic manipulation.

Robotics Enabling the Workforce

Robotics has the potential to magnify the skilled workforce of the nation by complementing our workforce with automation: teams of people and robots will be able to do more than either could alone. The economic engine of the U.S. runs on the productivity of our people. The rise of automation offers new opportunities to enhance the work of our citizens and drive the innovation and prosperity of our industries. Most critically, we need research to understand how future robot technologies can best complement our workforce to get the best of both human and automated labor in a collaborative team. Investments made in robotics research and workforce development will lead to increased GDP, an increased export-import ratio, a growing middle class of skilled workers, and a U.S.-based supply chain that can withstand global pandemics and other disruptions. In order to make the United States a leader in robotics, we need to invest in basic research, technology development, K-16 education, and lifelong learning.

Pose Estimation of Specular and Symmetrical Objects

In the robotic industry, specular and textureless metallic components are ubiquitous. The 6D pose estimation of such objects with only a monocular RGB camera is difficult because of the absence of rich texture features. Furthermore, the appearance of specularity heavily depends on the camera viewpoint and environmental light conditions making traditional methods, like template matching, fail. In the last 30 years, pose estimation of the specular object has been a consistent challenge, and most related works require massive knowledge modeling effort for light setups, environment, or the object surface. On the other hand, recent works exhibit the feasibility of 6D pose estimation on a monocular camera with convolutional neural networks(CNNs) however they mostly use opaque objects for evaluation. This paper provides a data-driven solution to estimate the 6D pose of specular objects for grasping them, proposes a cost function for handling symmetry, and demonstrates experimental results showing the system's feasibility.

Auto-calibration Method Using Stop Signs for Urban Autonomous Driving Applications

For use of cameras on an intelligent vehicle, driving over a major bump could challenge the calibration. It is then of interest to do dynamic calibration. What structures can be used for calibration? How about using traffic signs that you recognize? In this paper an approach is presented for dynamic camera calibration based on recognition of stop signs. The detection is performed based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). A recognized sign is modeled as a polygon and matched to a model. Parameters are tracked over time. Experimental results show clear convergence and improved performance for the calibration.

Probabilistic Semantic Mapping for Urban Autonomous Driving Applications

Recent advancement in statistical learning and computational ability has enabled autonomous vehicle technology to develop at a much faster rate and become widely adopted. While many of the architectures previously introduced are capable of operating under highly dynamic environments, many of these are constrained to smaller-scale deployments and require constant maintenance due to the associated scalability cost with high-definition (HD) maps. HD maps provide critical information for self-driving cars to drive safely. However, traditional approaches for creating HD maps involves tedious manual labeling. As an attempt to tackle this problem, we fuse 2D image semantic segmentation with pre-built point cloud maps collected from a relatively inexpensive 16 channel LiDAR sensor to construct a local probabilistic semantic map in bird's eye view that encodes static landmarks such as roads, sidewalks, crosswalks, and lanes in the driving environment. Experiments from data collected in an urban environment show that this model can be extended for automatically incorporating road features into HD maps with potential future work directions.

Context Aware Robot Navigation using Interactively Built Semantic Maps

We discuss the process of building semantic maps, how to interactively label entities in them, and how to use them to enable context-aware navigation behaviors in human environments. We utilize planar surfaces, such as walls and tables, and static objects, such as door signs, as features for our semantic mapping approach. Users can interactively annotate these features by having the robot follow him/her, entering the label through a mobile app, and performing a pointing gesture toward the landmark of interest. Our gesture based approach can reliably estimate which object is being pointed at and detect ambiguous gestures with probabilistic modeling. Our person following method attempts to maximize future utility by a search for future actions assuming constant velocity model for the human. We describe a method to extract metric goals from a semantic map landmark and to plan a human aware path that takes into account the personal spaces of people. Finally, we demonstrate context-awareness for person following in two scenarios: interactive labeling and door passing. We believe that future navigation approaches and service robotics applications can be made more effective by further exploiting the structure of human environments.

Efficient Hierarchical Graph-Based Segmentation of RGBD Videos

We present an efficient and scalable algorithm for segmenting 3D RGBD point clouds by combining depth, color, and temporal information using a multistage, hierarchical graph-based approach. Our algorithm processes a moving window over several point clouds to group similar regions over a graph, resulting in an initial over-segmentation. These regions are then merged to yield a dendrogram using agglomerative clustering via a minimum spanning tree algorithm. Bipartite graph matching at a given level of the hierarchical tree yields the final segmentation of the point clouds by maintaining region identities over arbitrarily long periods of time. We show that a multistage segmentation with depth then color yields better results than a linear combination of depth and color. Due to its incremental processing, our algorithm can process videos of any length and in a streaming pipeline. The algorithm's ability to produce robust, efficient segmentation is demonstrated with numerous experimental results on challenging sequences from our own as well as public RGBD data sets.

Semantic Instance Labeling Leveraging Hierarchical Segmentation

Most of the approaches for indoor RGBD semantic la- beling focus on using pixels or superpixels to train a classi- fier. In this paper, we implement a higher level segmentation using a hierarchy of superpixels to obtain a better segmen- tation for training our classifier. By focusing on meaningful segments that conform more directly to objects, regardless of size, we train a random forest of decision trees as a clas- sifier using simple features such as the 3D size, LAB color histogram, width, height, and shape as specified by a his- togram of surface normals. We test our method on the NYU V2 depth dataset, a challenging dataset of cluttered indoor environments. Our experiments using the NYU V2 depth dataset show that our method achieves state of the art re- sults on both a general semantic labeling introduced by the dataset (floor, structure, furniture, and objects) and a more object specific semantic labeling. We show that training a classifier on a segmentation from a hierarchy of super pixels yields better results than training directly on super pixels, patches, or pixels as in previous work.