Tempo: Accelerating Transformer-Based Model Training through Memory Footprint Reduction

Training deep learning models can be computationally expensive. Prior works have shown that increasing the batch size can potentially lead to better overall throughput. However, the batch size is frequently limited by the accelerator memory capacity due to the activations/feature maps stored for the training backward pass, as larger batch sizes require larger feature maps to be stored. Transformer-based models, which have recently seen a surge in popularity due to their good performance and applicability to a variety of tasks, have a similar problem. To remedy this issue, we propose Tempo, a new approach to efficiently use accelerator (e.g., GPU) memory resources for training Transformer-based models. Our approach provides drop-in replacements for the GELU, LayerNorm, and Attention layers, reducing the memory usage and ultimately leading to more efficient training. We implement Tempo and evaluate the throughput, memory usage, and accuracy/loss on the BERT Large pre-training task. We demonstrate that Tempo enables up to 2x higher batch sizes and 16% higher training throughput over the state-of-the-art baseline. We also evaluate Tempo on GPT2 and RoBERTa models, showing 19% and 26% speedup over the baseline.

Hidet: Task Mapping Programming Paradigm for Deep Learning Tensor Programs

As deep learning models nowadays are widely adopted by both cloud services and edge devices, the latency of deep learning model inferences becomes crucial to provide efficient model serving. However, it is challenging to develop efficient tensor programs for deep learning operators due to the high complexity of modern accelerators (e.g., NVIDIA GPUs and Google TPUs) and the rapidly growing number of operators. Deep learning compilers, such as Apache TVM, adopt declarative scheduling primitives to lower the bar of developing tensor programs. However, we show that this approach is insufficient to cover state-of-the-art tensor program optimizations (e.g., double buffering). In this paper, we propose to embed the scheduling process into tensor programs and use dedicated mappings, called task mappings, to define the computation assignment and ordering directly in the tensor programs. This new approach greatly enriches the expressible optimizations by allowing developers to manipulate tensor programs at a much finer granularity (e.g., allowing program statement-level optimizations). We call the proposed method the task-mapping-oriented programming paradigm. With the proposed paradigm, we implement a deep learning compiler - Hidet. Extensive experiments on modern convolution and transformer models show that Hidet outperforms state-of-the-art DNN inference framework, ONNX Runtime, and compiler, TVM equipped with scheduler AutoTVM and Ansor, by up to 1.48x (1.22x on average) with enriched optimizations. It also reduces the tuning time by 20x and 11x compared with AutoTVM and Ansor, respectively.

EcoRNN: Fused LSTM RNN Implementation with Data Layout Optimization

Long-Short-Term-Memory Recurrent Neural Network (LSTM RNN) is a state-of-the-art (SOTA) model for analyzing sequential data. Current implementations of LSTM RNN in machine learning frameworks usually either lack performance or flexibility. For example, default implementations in Tensorflow and MXNet invoke many tiny GPU kernels, leading to excessive overhead in launching GPU threads. Although cuDNN, NVIDIA's deep learning library, can accelerate performance by around 2x, it is closed-source and inflexible, hampering further research and performance improvements in frameworks, such as PyTorch, that use cuDNN as their backend. In this paper, we introduce a new RNN implementation called EcoRNN that is significantly faster than the SOTA open-source implementation in MXNet and is competitive with the closed-source cuDNN. We show that (1) fusing tiny GPU kernels and (2) applying data layout optimization can give us a maximum performance boost of 3x over MXNet default and 1.5x over cuDNN implementations. Our optimizations also apply to other RNN cell types such as LSTM variants and Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs). We integrate EcoRNN into MXNet Python library and open-source it to benefit machine learning practitioners.

TBD: Benchmarking and Analyzing Deep Neural Network Training

The recent popularity of deep neural networks (DNNs) has generated a lot of research interest in performing DNN-related computation efficiently. However, the primary focus is usually very narrow and limited to (i) inference -- i.e. how to efficiently execute already trained models and (ii) image classification networks as the primary benchmark for evaluation. Our primary goal in this work is to break this myopic view by (i) proposing a new benchmark for DNN training, called TBD (TBD is short for Training Benchmark for DNNs), that uses a representative set of DNN models that cover a wide range of machine learning applications: image classification, machine translation, speech recognition, object detection, adversarial networks, reinforcement learning, and (ii) by performing an extensive performance analysis of training these different applications on three major deep learning frameworks (TensorFlow, MXNet, CNTK) across different hardware configurations (single-GPU, multi-GPU, and multi-machine). TBD currently covers six major application domains and eight different state-of-the-art models. We present a new toolchain for performance analysis for these models that combines the targeted usage of existing performance analysis tools, careful selection of new and existing metrics and methodologies to analyze the results, and utilization of domain specific characteristics of DNN training. We also build a new set of tools for memory profiling in all three major frameworks; much needed tools that can finally shed some light on precisely how much memory is consumed by different data structures (weights, activations, gradients, workspace) in DNN training. By using our tools and methodologies, we make several important observations and recommendations on where the future research and optimization of DNN training should be focused.