Frequency Matching in Spiking Neural Networks for mmWave Sensing

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) sensing enables privacy-preserving, always-on edge perception, but its measurements are often sparse, temporally irregular, and corrupted by high-frequency noise. Existing mmWave pipelines predominantly rely on artificial neural networks (ANNs), which achieve robustness through extensive preprocessing or deep architectures, thereby limiting their efficiency on edge devices. In this work, we study spiking neural networks (SNNs) for mmWave sensing from a mechanism-data alignment perspective. By leveraging the low-pass filtering behavior of leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) dynamics, we analyze how their implicit temporal filtering interacts with the frequency structure of mmWave signals. Our analysis shows that when discriminative information resides in low-to-mid frequencies, LIF dynamics can inherently suppress high-frequency noise, clarifying when and why SNNs outperform ANNs. Based on this insight, we derive a principled criterion for configuring the membrane decay factor by matching the effective bandwidth of LIF dynamics to the data's discriminative spectral content. Experimental results across four widely used mmWave datasets validate the proposed frequency-matching hypothesis, yielding an average test-accuracy improvement of 6.22% and a 3.64$\times$ reduction in theoretical energy consumption relative to ANN baselines, under a unified evaluation protocol.

Hybrid Physical and Geometrical Optics Method for Modeling Subsurface Imaging Using mmWave FMCW Radar

A hybrid physical and geometrical optics method is proposed to model the subsurface imaging using mmWave FMCW radar. Modeling of the wave propagation for subsurface imaging can improve the interpretation of acquired data and imaging results. Full-wave simulation is common in simulating wave propagation. However, when the frequency is high such as mmWave frequency, it is difficult to implement since it costs large computation resource and time. In this paper, the physical and geometrical optics are hybridized to simulate the wave propagation in subsurface imaging scenarios. In the proposed method, physical optics method is utilized to calculate the reflection from the object and geometrical optics method is utilized to calculate the transmission of the wave through object. By combining the results from physical and geometrical optics, the wave propagation in the subsurface imaging scenarios is simulated. The synthetic-aperture radar imaging is applied to the simulated data and the image is successfully reconstructed. Further, the experiment setup is developed and the comparison between simulation and experiment is carried out. The results demonstrated that the proposed simulation method can model the subsurface imaging with mmWave FMCW radar.

KVSlimmer: Theoretical Insights and Practical Optimizations for Asymmetric KV Merging

The growing computational and memory demands of the Key-Value (KV) cache significantly limit the ability of Large Language Models (LLMs). While KV merging has emerged as a promising solution, existing methods that rely on empirical observations of KV asymmetry and gradient-based Hessian approximations lack a theoretical foundation and incur suboptimal compression and inference overhead. To bridge these gaps, we establish a theoretical framework that characterizes this asymmetry through the spectral energy distribution of projection weights, demonstrating that concentrated spectra in Query/Key weights induce feature homogeneity, whereas dispersed spectra in Value weights preserve heterogeneity. Then, we introduce KVSlimmer, an efficient algorithm that captures exact Hessian information through a mathematically exact formulation, and derives a closed-form solution utilizing only forward-pass variables, resulting in a gradient-free approach that is both memory- and time-efficient. Extensive experiments across various models and benchmarks demonstrate that KVSlimmer consistently outperforms SOTA methods. For instance, on Llama3.1-8B-Instruct, it improves the LongBench average score by 0.92 while reducing memory costs and latency by 29% and 28%, respectively.

Language-Guided Transformer Tokenizer for Human Motion Generation

In this paper, we focus on motion discrete tokenization, which converts raw motion into compact discrete tokens--a process proven crucial for efficient motion generation. In this paradigm, increasing the number of tokens is a common approach to improving motion reconstruction quality, but more tokens make it more difficult for generative models to learn. To maintain high reconstruction quality while reducing generation complexity, we propose leveraging language to achieve efficient motion tokenization, which we term Language-Guided Tokenization (LG-Tok). LG-Tok aligns natural language with motion at the tokenization stage, yielding compact, high-level semantic representations. This approach not only strengthens both tokenization and detokenization but also simplifies the learning of generative models. Furthermore, existing tokenizers predominantly adopt convolutional architectures, whose local receptive fields struggle to support global language guidance. To this end, we propose a Transformer-based Tokenizer that leverages attention mechanisms to enable effective alignment between language and motion. Additionally, we design a language-drop scheme, in which language conditions are randomly removed during training, enabling the detokenizer to support language-free guidance during generation. On the HumanML3D and Motion-X generation benchmarks, LG-Tok achieves Top-1 scores of 0.542 and 0.582, outperforming state-of-the-art methods (MARDM: 0.500 and 0.528), and with FID scores of 0.057 and 0.088, respectively, versus 0.114 and 0.147. LG-Tok-mini uses only half the tokens while maintaining competitive performance (Top-1: 0.521/0.588, FID: 0.085/0.071), validating the efficiency of our semantic representations.

BTL-UI: Blink-Think-Link Reasoning Model for GUI Agent

In the field of AI-driven human-GUI interaction automation, while rapid advances in multimodal large language models and reinforcement fine-tuning techniques have yielded remarkable progress, a fundamental challenge persists: their interaction logic significantly deviates from natural human-GUI communication patterns. To fill this gap, we propose "Blink-Think-Link" (BTL), a brain-inspired framework for human-GUI interaction that mimics the human cognitive process between users and graphical interfaces. The system decomposes interactions into three biologically plausible phases: (1) Blink - rapid detection and attention to relevant screen areas, analogous to saccadic eye movements; (2) Think - higher-level reasoning and decision-making, mirroring cognitive planning; and (3) Link - generation of executable commands for precise motor control, emulating human action selection mechanisms. Additionally, we introduce two key technical innovations for the BTL framework: (1) Blink Data Generation - an automated annotation pipeline specifically optimized for blink data, and (2) BTL Reward -- the first rule-based reward mechanism that enables reinforcement learning driven by both process and outcome. Building upon this framework, we develop a GUI agent model named BTL-UI, which demonstrates consistent state-of-the-art performance across both static GUI understanding and dynamic interaction tasks in comprehensive benchmarks. These results provide conclusive empirical validation of the framework's efficacy in developing advanced GUI Agents.

Edge Intelligence with Spiking Neural Networks

The convergence of artificial intelligence and edge computing has spurred growing interest in enabling intelligent services directly on resource-constrained devices. While traditional deep learning models require significant computational resources and centralized data management, the resulting latency, bandwidth consumption, and privacy concerns have exposed critical limitations in cloud-centric paradigms. Brain-inspired computing, particularly Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), offers a promising alternative by emulating biological neuronal dynamics to achieve low-power, event-driven computation. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of Edge Intelligence based on SNNs (EdgeSNNs), examining their potential to address the challenges of on-device learning, inference, and security in edge scenarios. We present a systematic taxonomy of EdgeSNN foundations, encompassing neuron models, learning algorithms, and supporting hardware platforms. Three representative practical considerations of EdgeSNN are discussed in depth: on-device inference using lightweight SNN models, resource-aware training and updating under non-stationary data conditions, and secure and privacy-preserving issues. Furthermore, we highlight the limitations of evaluating EdgeSNNs on conventional hardware and introduce a dual-track benchmarking strategy to support fair comparisons and hardware-aware optimization. Through this study, we aim to bridge the gap between brain-inspired learning and practical edge deployment, offering insights into current advancements, open challenges, and future research directions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first dedicated and comprehensive survey on EdgeSNNs, providing an essential reference for researchers and practitioners working at the intersection of neuromorphic computing and edge intelligence.

Revolutionizing Brain Tumor Imaging: Generating Synthetic 3D FA Maps from T1-Weighted MRI using CycleGAN Models

Fractional anisotropy (FA) and directionally encoded colour (DEC) maps are essential for evaluating white matter integrity and structural connectivity in neuroimaging. However, the spatial misalignment between FA maps and tractography atlases hinders their effective integration into predictive models. To address this issue, we propose a CycleGAN based approach for generating FA maps directly from T1-weighted MRI scans, representing the first application of this technique to both healthy and tumour-affected tissues. Our model, trained on unpaired data, produces high fidelity maps, which have been rigorously evaluated using Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) and Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), demonstrating particularly robust performance in tumour regions. Radiological assessments further underscore the model's potential to enhance clinical workflows by providing an AI-driven alternative that reduces the necessity for additional scans.

Concept Enhancement Engineering: A Lightweight and Efficient Robust Defense Against Jailbreak Attacks in Embodied AI

Embodied Intelligence (EI) systems integrated with large language models (LLMs) face significant security risks, particularly from jailbreak attacks that manipulate models into generating harmful outputs or executing unsafe physical actions. Traditional defense strategies, such as input filtering and output monitoring, often introduce high computational overhead or interfere with task performance in real-time embodied scenarios. To address these challenges, we propose Concept Enhancement Engineering (CEE), a novel defense framework that leverages representation engineering to enhance the safety of embodied LLMs by dynamically steering their internal activations. CEE operates by (1) extracting multilingual safety patterns from model activations, (2) constructing control directions based on safety-aligned concept subspaces, and (3) applying subspace concept rotation to reinforce safe behavior during inference. Our experiments demonstrate that CEE effectively mitigates jailbreak attacks while maintaining task performance, outperforming existing defense methods in both robustness and efficiency. This work contributes a scalable and interpretable safety mechanism for embodied AI, bridging the gap between theoretical representation engineering and practical security applications. Our findings highlight the potential of latent-space interventions as a viable defense paradigm against emerging adversarial threats in physically grounded AI systems.

Dendritic Localized Learning: Toward Biologically Plausible Algorithm

Backpropagation is the foundational algorithm for training neural networks and a key driver of deep learning's success. However, its biological plausibility has been challenged due to three primary limitations: weight symmetry, reliance on global error signals, and the dual-phase nature of training, as highlighted by the existing literature. Although various alternative learning approaches have been proposed to address these issues, most either fail to satisfy all three criteria simultaneously or yield suboptimal results. Inspired by the dynamics and plasticity of pyramidal neurons, we propose Dendritic Localized Learning (DLL), a novel learning algorithm designed to overcome these challenges. Extensive empirical experiments demonstrate that DLL satisfies all three criteria of biological plausibility while achieving state-of-the-art performance among algorithms that meet these requirements. Furthermore, DLL exhibits strong generalization across a range of architectures, including MLPs, CNNs, and RNNs. These results, benchmarked against existing biologically plausible learning algorithms, offer valuable empirical insights for future research. We hope this study can inspire the development of new biologically plausible algorithms for training multilayer networks and advancing progress in both neuroscience and machine learning.

FedLEC: Effective Federated Learning Algorithm with Spiking Neural Networks Under Label Skews

With the advancement of neuromorphic chips, implementing Federated Learning (FL) with Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) potentially offers a more energy-efficient schema for collaborative learning across various resource-constrained edge devices. However, one significant challenge in the FL systems is that the data from different clients are often non-independently and identically distributed (non-IID), with label skews presenting substantial difficulties in various federated SNN learning tasks. In this study, we propose a practical post-hoc framework named FedLEC to address the challenge. This framework penalizes the corresponding local logits for locally missing labels to enhance each local model's generalization ability. Additionally, it leverages the pertinent label distribution information distilled from the global model to mitigate label bias. Extensive experiments with three different structured SNNs across five datasets (i.e., three non-neuromorphic and two neuromorphic datasets) demonstrate the efficiency of FedLEC. Compared to seven state-of-the-art FL algorithms, FedLEC achieves an average accuracy improvement of approximately 11.59\% under various label skew distribution settings.