Situation Monitor: Diversity-Driven Zero-Shot Out-of-Distribution Detection using Budding Ensemble Architecture for Object Detection

We introduce Situation Monitor, a novel zero-shot Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection approach for transformer-based object detection models to enhance reliability in safety-critical machine learning applications such as autonomous driving. The Situation Monitor utilizes the Diversity-based Budding Ensemble Architecture (DBEA) and increases the OOD performance by integrating a diversity loss into the training process on top of the budding ensemble architecture, detecting Far-OOD samples and minimizing false positives on Near-OOD samples. Moreover, utilizing the resulting DBEA increases the model's OOD performance and improves the calibration of confidence scores, particularly concerning the intersection over union of the detected objects. The DBEA model achieves these advancements with a 14% reduction in trainable parameters compared to the vanilla model. This signifies a substantial improvement in efficiency without compromising the model's ability to detect OOD instances and calibrate the confidence scores accurately.

Global Clipper: Enhancing Safety and Reliability of Transformer-based Object Detection Models

As transformer-based object detection models progress, their impact in critical sectors like autonomous vehicles and aviation is expected to grow. Soft errors causing bit flips during inference have significantly impacted DNN performance, altering predictions. Traditional range restriction solutions for CNNs fall short for transformers. This study introduces the Global Clipper and Global Hybrid Clipper, effective mitigation strategies specifically designed for transformer-based models. It significantly enhances their resilience to soft errors and reduces faulty inferences to ~ 0\%. We also detail extensive testing across over 64 scenarios involving two transformer models (DINO-DETR and Lite-DETR) and two CNN models (YOLOv3 and SSD) using three datasets, totalling approximately 3.3 million inferences, to assess model robustness comprehensively. Moreover, the paper explores unique aspects of attention blocks in transformers and their operational differences from CNNs.

L-MAGIC: Language Model Assisted Generation of Images with Coherence

In the current era of generative AI breakthroughs, generating panoramic scenes from a single input image remains a key challenge. Most existing methods use diffusion-based iterative or simultaneous multi-view inpainting. However, the lack of global scene layout priors leads to subpar outputs with duplicated objects (e.g., multiple beds in a bedroom) or requires time-consuming human text inputs for each view. We propose L-MAGIC, a novel method leveraging large language models for guidance while diffusing multiple coherent views of 360 degree panoramic scenes. L-MAGIC harnesses pre-trained diffusion and language models without fine-tuning, ensuring zero-shot performance. The output quality is further enhanced by super-resolution and multi-view fusion techniques. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the resulting panoramic scenes feature better scene layouts and perspective view rendering quality compared to related works, with >70% preference in human evaluations. Combined with conditional diffusion models, L-MAGIC can accept various input modalities, including but not limited to text, depth maps, sketches, and colored scripts. Applying depth estimation further enables 3D point cloud generation and dynamic scene exploration with fluid camera motion. Code is available at https://github.com/IntelLabs/MMPano. The video presentation is available at https://youtu.be/XDMNEzH4-Ec?list=PLG9Zyvu7iBa0-a7ccNLO8LjcVRAoMn57s.

Mesh2NeRF: Direct Mesh Supervision for Neural Radiance Field Representation and Generation

We present Mesh2NeRF, an approach to derive ground-truth radiance fields from textured meshes for 3D generation tasks. Many 3D generative approaches represent 3D scenes as radiance fields for training. Their ground-truth radiance fields are usually fitted from multi-view renderings from a large-scale synthetic 3D dataset, which often results in artifacts due to occlusions or under-fitting issues. In Mesh2NeRF, we propose an analytic solution to directly obtain ground-truth radiance fields from 3D meshes, characterizing the density field with an occupancy function featuring a defined surface thickness, and determining view-dependent color through a reflection function considering both the mesh and environment lighting. Mesh2NeRF extracts accurate radiance fields which provides direct supervision for training generative NeRFs and single scene representation. We validate the effectiveness of Mesh2NeRF across various tasks, achieving a noteworthy 3.12dB improvement in PSNR for view synthesis in single scene representation on the ABO dataset, a 0.69 PSNR enhancement in the single-view conditional generation of ShapeNet Cars, and notably improved mesh extraction from NeRF in the unconditional generation of Objaverse Mugs.

Fully-fused Multi-Layer Perceptrons on Intel Data Center GPUs

This paper presents a SYCL implementation of Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLPs), which targets and is optimized for the Intel Data Center GPU Max 1550. To increase the performance, our implementation minimizes the slow global memory accesses by maximizing the data reuse within the general register file and the shared local memory by fusing the operations in each layer of the MLP. We show with a simple roofline model that this results in a significant increase in the arithmetic intensity, leading to improved performance, especially for inference. We compare our approach to a similar CUDA implementation for MLPs and show that our implementation on the Intel Data Center GPU outperforms the CUDA implementation on Nvidia's H100 GPU by a factor up to 2.84 in inference and 1.75 in training. The paper also showcases the efficiency of our SYCL implementation in three significant areas: Image Compression, Neural Radiance Fields, and Physics-Informed Machine Learning. In all cases, our implementation outperforms the off-the-shelf Intel Extension for PyTorch (IPEX) implementation on the same Intel GPU by up to a factor of 30 and the CUDA PyTorch version on Nvidia's H100 GPU by up to a factor 19. The code can be found at https://github.com/intel/tiny-dpcpp-nn.

LDM3D-VR: Latent Diffusion Model for 3D VR

Latent diffusion models have proven to be state-of-the-art in the creation and manipulation of visual outputs. However, as far as we know, the generation of depth maps jointly with RGB is still limited. We introduce LDM3D-VR, a suite of diffusion models targeting virtual reality development that includes LDM3D-pano and LDM3D-SR. These models enable the generation of panoramic RGBD based on textual prompts and the upscaling of low-resolution inputs to high-resolution RGBD, respectively. Our models are fine-tuned from existing pretrained models on datasets containing panoramic/high-resolution RGB images, depth maps and captions. Both models are evaluated in comparison to existing related methods.

A Low-cost Strategic Monitoring Approach for Scalable and Interpretable Error Detection in Deep Neural Networks

We present a highly compact run-time monitoring approach for deep computer vision networks that extracts selected knowledge from only a few (down to merely two) hidden layers, yet can efficiently detect silent data corruption originating from both hardware memory and input faults. Building on the insight that critical faults typically manifest as peak or bulk shifts in the activation distribution of the affected network layers, we use strategically placed quantile markers to make accurate estimates about the anomaly of the current inference as a whole. Importantly, the detector component itself is kept algorithmically transparent to render the categorization of regular and abnormal behavior interpretable to a human. Our technique achieves up to ~96% precision and ~98% recall of detection. Compared to state-of-the-art anomaly detection techniques, this approach requires minimal compute overhead (as little as 0.3% with respect to non-supervised inference time) and contributes to the explainability of the model.

Large-Scale Application of Fault Injection into PyTorch Models -- an Extension to PyTorchFI for Validation Efficiency

Transient or permanent faults in hardware can render the output of Neural Networks (NN) incorrect without user-specific traces of the error, i.e. silent data errors (SDE). On the other hand, modern NNs also possess an inherent redundancy that can tolerate specific faults. To establish a safety case, it is necessary to distinguish and quantify both types of corruptions. To study the effects of hardware (HW) faults on software (SW) in general and NN models in particular, several fault injection (FI) methods have been established in recent years. Current FI methods focus on the methodology of injecting faults but often fall short of accounting for large-scale FI tests, where many fault locations based on a particular fault model need to be analyzed in a short time. Results need to be concise, repeatable, and comparable. To address these requirements and enable fault injection as the default component in a machine learning development cycle, we introduce a novel fault injection framework called PyTorchALFI (Application Level Fault Injection for PyTorch) based on PyTorchFI. PyTorchALFI provides an efficient way to define randomly generated and reusable sets of faults to inject into PyTorch models, defines complex test scenarios, enhances data sets, and generates test KPIs while tightly coupling fault-free, faulty, and modified NN. In this paper, we provide details about the definition of test scenarios, software architecture, and several examples of how to use the new framework to apply iterative changes in fault location and number, compare different model modifications, and analyze test results.

BEA: Revisiting anchor-based object detection DNN using Budding Ensemble Architecture

This paper introduces the Budding Ensemble Architecture (BEA), a novel reduced ensemble architecture for anchor-based object detection models. Object detection models are crucial in vision-based tasks, particularly in autonomous systems. They should provide precise bounding box detections while also calibrating their predicted confidence scores, leading to higher-quality uncertainty estimates. However, current models may make erroneous decisions due to false positives receiving high scores or true positives being discarded due to low scores. BEA aims to address these issues. The proposed loss functions in BEA improve the confidence score calibration and lower the uncertainty error, which results in a better distinction of true and false positives and, eventually, higher accuracy of the object detection models. Both Base-YOLOv3 and SSD models were enhanced using the BEA method and its proposed loss functions. The BEA on Base-YOLOv3 trained on the KITTI dataset results in a 6% and 3.7% increase in mAP and AP50, respectively. Utilizing a well-balanced uncertainty estimation threshold to discard samples in real-time even leads to a 9.6% higher AP50 than its base model. This is attributed to a 40% increase in the area under the AP50-based retention curve used to measure the quality of calibration of confidence scores. Furthermore, BEA-YOLOV3 trained on KITTI provides superior out-of-distribution detection on Citypersons, BDD100K, and COCO datasets compared to the ensembles and vanilla models of YOLOv3 and Gaussian-YOLOv3.

Exploring Resiliency to Natural Image Corruptions in Deep Learning using Design Diversity

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between diversity metrics, accuracy, and resiliency to natural image corruptions of Deep Learning (DL) image classifier ensembles. We investigate the potential of an attribution-based diversity metric to improve the known accuracy-diversity trade-off of the typical prediction-based diversity. Our motivation is based on analytical studies of design diversity that have shown that a reduction of common failure modes is possible if diversity of design choices is achieved. Using ResNet50 as a comparison baseline, we evaluate the resiliency of multiple individual DL model architectures against dataset distribution shifts corresponding to natural image corruptions. We compare ensembles created with diverse model architectures trained either independently or through a Neural Architecture Search technique and evaluate the correlation of prediction-based and attribution-based diversity to the final ensemble accuracy. We evaluate a set of diversity enforcement heuristics based on negative correlation learning to assess the final ensemble resilience to natural image corruptions and inspect the resulting prediction, activation, and attribution diversity. Our key observations are: 1) model architecture is more important for resiliency than model size or model accuracy, 2) attribution-based diversity is less negatively correlated to the ensemble accuracy than prediction-based diversity, 3) a balanced loss function of individual and ensemble accuracy creates more resilient ensembles for image natural corruptions, 4) architecture diversity produces more diversity in all explored diversity metrics: predictions, attributions, and activations.