VMU-Diff: A Coarse-to-fine Multi-source Data Fusion Framework for Precipitation Nowcasting

Precipitation nowcasting is a vital spatio-temporal prediction task for meteorological applications but faces challenges due to the chaotic property of precipitation systems. Existing methods predominantly rely on single-source radar data to build either deterministic or probabilistic models for extrapolation. However, the single deterministic model suffers from blurring due to MSE convergence. The single probabilistic model, typically represented by diffusion models, can generate fine details but suffers from spurious artifacts that compromise accuracy and computational inefficiency. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel coarse-to-fine Vision Mamba Unet and residual Diffusion (VMU-Diff) based precipitation nowcasting framework. It realizes precipitation nowcasting through a two-stage process, i.e., a deterministic model-based coarse stage to predict global motion trends and a probabilistic model-based fine stage to generate fine prediction details. In the coarse prediction stage, rather than single-source radar data, both radar and multi-band satellite data are taken as input. A spatial-temporal attention block and several Vision mamba state-space blocks realize multi-source data fusion, and predict the future echo global dynamics. The fine-grained stage is realized by a spatio-temporal refine generator based on residual conditional diffusion models. It first obtains spatio-temporal residual features based on coarse prediction and ground truth, and further reconstructs the residual via conditional Mamba state-space module. Experiments on Jiangsu SWAN datasets demonstrate the improvements of our method over state-of-the-art methods, particularly in short-term forecasts.

MambaRain: Multi-Scale Mamba-Attention Framework for 0-3 Hour Precipitation Nowcasting

Accurate precipitation nowcasting over extended horizons (0-3 hours) is essential for disaster mitigation and operational decision-making, yet remains a critical challenge in the field. Existing deterministic approaches are predominantly constrained to shorter prediction windows (0-2 hours), exhibiting severe performance degradation beyond 90 minutes owing to their inherent difficulty in capturing long-range spatiotemporal dependencies from radar-derived observations. To address these fundamental limitations, we propose MambaRain, a novel multi-scale encoder-decoder architecture that synergistically integrates Mamba's linear-complexity long-range temporal modeling with self-attention mechanisms for explicit spatial correlation capture. The core innovation lies in a hybrid design paradigm wherein Mamba blocks leverage selective state space mechanisms to model global temporal dynamics across extended sequences with computational efficiency, while self-attention modules explicitly characterize spatial correlations within precipitation fields - a capability inherently absent in Mamba's sequential processing paradigm. This complementary synergy enables comprehensive spatiotemporal representation learning, effectively extending the viable forecasting horizon to 2-3 hours with substantial accuracy improvements. Furthermore, we introduce a spectral loss formulation to mitigate blurring artifacts characteristic of chaotic precipitation systems, thereby preserving fine-scale motion details critical for nowcasting accuracy. Experimental validation demonstrates that MambaRain substantially outperforms existing deterministic methodologies in 0-3 hour nowcasting tasks, with particularly pronounced performance gains in the challenging 2-3 hour prediction range.

MAVFusion: Efficient Infrared and Visible Video Fusion via Motion-Aware Sparse Interaction

Infrared and visible video fusion combines the object saliency from infrared images with the texture details from visible images to produce semantically rich fusion results. However, most existing methods are designed for static image fusion and cannot effectively handle frame-to-frame motion in videos. Current video fusion methods improve temporal consistency by introducing interactions across frames, but they often require high computational cost. To mitigate these challenges, we propose MAVFusion, an end-to-end video fusion framework featuring a motion-aware sparse interaction mechanism that enhances efficiency while maintaining superior fusion quality. Specifically, we leverage optical flow to identify dynamic regions in multi-modal sequences, adaptively allocating computationally intensive cross-modal attention to these sparse areas to capture salient transitions and facilitate inter-modal information exchange. For static background regions, a lightweight weak interaction module is employed to maintain structural and appearance integrity. By decoupling the processing of dynamic and static regions, MAVFusion simultaneously preserves temporal consistency and fine-grained details while significantly accelerating inference. Extensive experiments demonstrate that MAVFusion achieves state-of-the-art performance on multiple infrared and visible video benchmarks, achieving a speed of 14.16\,FPS at $640 \times 480$ resolution. The source code will be available at https://github.com/ixilai/MAVFusion.

Synthetic Data Generation for Brain-Computer Interfaces: Overview, Benchmarking, and Future Directions

Deep learning has achieved transformative performance across diverse domains, largely driven by the large-scale, high-quality training data. In contrast, the development of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) is fundamentally constrained by the limited, heterogeneous, and privacy-sensitive neural recordings. Generating synthetic yet physiologically plausible brain signals has therefore emerged as a compelling way to mitigate data scarcity and enhance model capacity. This survey provides a comprehensive review of brain signal generation for BCIs, covering methodological taxonomies, benchmark experiments, evaluation metrics, and key applications. We systematically categorize existing generative algorithms into four types: knowledge-based, feature-based, model-based, and translation-based approaches. Furthermore, we benchmark existing brain signal generation approaches across four representative BCI paradigms to provide an objective performance comparison. Finally, we discuss the potentials and challenges of current generation approaches and prospect future research on accurate, data-efficient, and privacy-aware BCI systems. The benchmark codebase is publicized at https://github.com/wzwvv/DG4BCI.

Hyperspherical Graph Representation Learning via Adaptive Neighbor-Mean Alignment and Uniformity

Graph representation learning (GRL) aims to encode structural and semantic dependencies of graph-structured data into low-dimensional embeddings. However, existing GRL methods often rely on surrogate contrastive objectives or mutual information maximization, which typically demand complex architectures, negative sampling strategies, and sensitive hyperparameter tuning. These design choices may induce over-smoothing, over-squashing, and training instability. In this work, we propose HyperGRL, a unified framework for hyperspherical graph representation learning via adaptive neighbor-mean alignment and sampling-free uniformity. HyperGRL embeds nodes on a unit hypersphere through two adversarially coupled objectives: neighbor-mean alignment and sampling-free uniformity. The alignment objective uses the mean representation of each node's local neighborhood to construct semantically grounded, stable targets that capture shared structural and feature patterns. The uniformity objective formulates dispersion via an L2-based hyperspherical regularization, encouraging globally uniform embedding distributions while preserving discriminative information. To further stabilize training, we introduce an entropy-guided adaptive balancing mechanism that dynamically regulates the interplay between alignment and uniformity without requiring manual tuning. Extensive experiments on node classification, node clustering, and link prediction demonstrate that HyperGRL delivers superior representation quality and generalization across diverse graph structures, achieving average improvements of 1.49%, 0.86%, and 0.74% over the strongest existing methods, respectively. These findings highlight the effectiveness of geometrically grounded, sampling-free contrastive objectives for graph representation learning.

Designing Spatial Architectures for Sparse Attention: STAR Accelerator via Cross-Stage Tiling

Large language models (LLMs) rely on self-attention for contextual understanding, demanding high-throughput inference and large-scale token parallelism (LTPP). Existing dynamic sparsity accelerators falter under LTPP scenarios due to stage-isolated optimizations. Revisiting the end-to-end sparsity acceleration flow, we identify an overlooked opportunity: cross-stage coordination can substantially reduce redundant computation and memory access. We propose STAR, a cross-stage compute- and memory-efficient algorithm-hardware co-design tailored for Transformer inference under LTPP. STAR introduces a leading-zero-based sparsity prediction using log-domain add-only operations to minimize prediction overhead. It further employs distributed sorting and a sorted updating FlashAttention mechanism, guided by a coordinated tiling strategy that enables fine-grained stage interaction for improved memory efficiency and latency. These optimizations are supported by a dedicated STAR accelerator architecture, achieving up to 9.2$\times$ speedup and 71.2$\times$ energy efficiency over A100, and surpassing SOTA accelerators by up to 16.1$\times$ energy and 27.1$\times$ area efficiency gains. Further, we deploy STAR onto a multi-core spatial architecture, optimizing dataflow and execution orchestration for ultra-long sequence processing. Architectural evaluation shows that, compared to the baseline design, Spatial-STAR achieves a 20.1$\times$ throughput improvement.

PADE: A Predictor-Free Sparse Attention Accelerator via Unified Execution and Stage Fusion

Attention-based models have revolutionized AI, but the quadratic cost of self-attention incurs severe computational and memory overhead. Sparse attention methods alleviate this by skipping low-relevance token pairs. However, current approaches lack practicality due to the heavy expense of added sparsity predictor, which severely drops their hardware efficiency. This paper advances the state-of-the-art (SOTA) by proposing a bit-serial enable stage-fusion (BSF) mechanism, which eliminates the need for a separate predictor. However, it faces key challenges: 1) Inaccurate bit-sliced sparsity speculation leads to incorrect pruning; 2) Hardware under-utilization due to fine-grained and imbalanced bit-level workloads. 3) Tiling difficulty caused by the row-wise dependency in sparsity pruning criteria. We propose PADE, a predictor-free algorithm-hardware co-design for dynamic sparse attention acceleration. PADE features three key innovations: 1) Bit-wise uncertainty interval-enabled guard filtering (BUI-GF) strategy to accurately identify trivial tokens during each bit round; 2) Bidirectional sparsity-based out-of-order execution (BS-OOE) to improve hardware utilization; 3) Interleaving-based sparsity-tiled attention (ISTA) to reduce both I/O and computational complexity. These techniques, combined with custom accelerator designs, enable practical sparsity acceleration without relying on an added sparsity predictor. Extensive experiments on 22 benchmarks show that PADE achieves 7.43x speed up and 31.1x higher energy efficiency than Nvidia H100 GPU. Compared to SOTA accelerators, PADE achieves 5.1x, 4.3x and 3.4x energy saving than Sanger, DOTA and SOFA.

WATOS: Efficient LLM Training Strategies and Architecture Co-exploration for Wafer-scale Chip

Training large language models (LLMs) imposes extreme demands on computation, memory capacity, and interconnect bandwidth, driven by their ever-increasing parameter scales and intensive data movement. Wafer-scale integration offers a promising solution by densely integrating multiple single-die chips with high-speed die-to-die (D2D) interconnects. However, the limited wafer area necessitates trade-offs among compute, memory, and communication resources. Fully harnessing the potential of wafer-scale integration while mitigating its architectural constraints is essential for maximizing LLM training performance. This imposes significant challenges for the co-optimization of architecture and training strategies. Unfortunately, existing approaches all fall short in addressing these challenges. To bridge the gap, we propose WATOS, a co-exploration framework for LLM training strategy and wafer-scale architecture. We first define a highly configurable hardware template designed to explore optimal architectural parameters for wafer-scale chips. Based on it, we capitalize on the high D2D bandwidth and fine-grained operation advantages inherent to wafer-scale chips to explore optimal parallelism and resource allocation strategies, effectively addressing the memory underutilization issues during LLM training. Compared to the state-of-the-art (SOTA) LLM training framework Megatron and Cerebras' weight streaming wafer training strategy, WATOS can achieve an average overall throughput improvement of 2.74x and 1.53x across various LLM models, respectively. In addition, we leverage WATOS to reveal intriguing insights about wafer-scale architecture design with the training of LLM workloads.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Based Non-Invasive Chinese Speech Decoding

As an emerging paradigm of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), speech BCI has the potential to directly reflect auditory perception and thoughts, offering a promising communication alternative for patients with aphasia. Chinese is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, whereas there is very limited research on speech BCIs for Chinese language. This paper reports a text-magnetoencephalography (MEG) dataset for non-invasive Chinese speech BCIs. It also proposes a multi-modality assisted speech decoding (MASD) algorithm to capture both text and acoustic information embedded in brain signals during speech activities. Experiment results demonstrated the effectiveness of both our text-MEG dataset and our proposed MASD algorithm. To our knowledge, this is the first study on modality-assisted decoding for non-invasive speech BCIs.

SACM: SEEG-Audio Contrastive Matching for Chinese Speech Decoding

Speech disorders such as dysarthria and anarthria can severely impair the patient's ability to communicate verbally. Speech decoding brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) offer a potential alternative by directly translating speech intentions into spoken words, serving as speech neuroprostheses. This paper reports an experimental protocol for Mandarin Chinese speech decoding BCIs, along with the corresponding decoding algorithms. Stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) and synchronized audio data were collected from eight drug-resistant epilepsy patients as they conducted a word-level reading task. The proposed SEEG and Audio Contrastive Matching (SACM), a contrastive learning-based framework, achieved decoding accuracies significantly exceeding chance levels in both speech detection and speech decoding tasks. Electrode-wise analysis revealed that a single sensorimotor cortex electrode achieved performance comparable to that of the full electrode array. These findings provide valuable insights for developing more accurate online speech decoding BCIs.