CuDA2: An approach for Incorporating Traitor Agents into Cooperative Multi-Agent Systems

Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (CMARL) strategies are well known to be vulnerable to adversarial perturbations. Previous works on adversarial attacks have primarily focused on white-box attacks that directly perturb the states or actions of victim agents, often in scenarios with a limited number of attacks. However, gaining complete access to victim agents in real-world environments is exceedingly difficult. To create more realistic adversarial attacks, we introduce a novel method that involves injecting traitor agents into the CMARL system. We model this problem as a Traitor Markov Decision Process (TMDP), where traitors cannot directly attack the victim agents but can influence their formation or positioning through collisions. In TMDP, traitors are trained using the same MARL algorithm as the victim agents, with their reward function set as the negative of the victim agents' reward. Despite this, the training efficiency for traitors remains low because it is challenging for them to directly associate their actions with the victim agents' rewards. To address this issue, we propose the Curiosity-Driven Adversarial Attack (CuDA2) framework. CuDA2 enhances the efficiency and aggressiveness of attacks on the specified victim agents' policies while maintaining the optimal policy invariance of the traitors. Specifically, we employ a pre-trained Random Network Distillation (RND) module, where the extra reward generated by the RND module encourages traitors to explore states unencountered by the victim agents. Extensive experiments on various scenarios from SMAC demonstrate that our CuDA2 framework offers comparable or superior adversarial attack capabilities compared to other baselines.

Mini Honor of Kings: A Lightweight Environment for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning

Games are widely used as research environments for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), but they pose three significant challenges: limited customization, high computational demands, and oversimplification. To address these issues, we introduce the first publicly available map editor for the popular mobile game Honor of Kings and design a lightweight environment, Mini Honor of Kings (Mini HoK), for researchers to conduct experiments. Mini HoK is highly efficient, allowing experiments to be run on personal PCs or laptops while still presenting sufficient challenges for existing MARL algorithms. We have tested our environment on common MARL algorithms and demonstrated that these algorithms have yet to find optimal solutions within this environment. This facilitates the dissemination and advancement of MARL methods within the research community. Additionally, we hope that more researchers will leverage the Honor of Kings map editor to develop innovative and scientifically valuable new maps. Our code and user manual are available at: https://github.com/tencent-ailab/mini-hok.

ALISA: Accelerating Large Language Model Inference via Sparsity-Aware KV Caching

The Transformer architecture has significantly advanced natural language processing (NLP) and has been foundational in developing large language models (LLMs) such as LLaMA and OPT, which have come to dominate a broad range of NLP tasks. Despite their superior accuracy, LLMs present unique challenges in practical inference, concerning the compute and memory-intensive nature. Thanks to the autoregressive characteristic of LLM inference, KV caching for the attention layers in Transformers can effectively accelerate LLM inference by substituting quadratic-complexity computation with linear-complexity memory accesses. Yet, this approach requires increasing memory as demand grows for processing longer sequences. The overhead leads to reduced throughput due to I/O bottlenecks and even out-of-memory errors, particularly on resource-constrained systems like a single commodity GPU. In this paper, we propose ALISA, a novel algorithm-system co-design solution to address the challenges imposed by KV caching. On the algorithm level, ALISA prioritizes tokens that are most important in generating a new token via a Sparse Window Attention (SWA) algorithm. SWA introduces high sparsity in attention layers and reduces the memory footprint of KV caching at negligible accuracy loss. On the system level, ALISA employs three-phase token-level dynamical scheduling and optimizes the trade-off between caching and recomputation, thus maximizing the overall performance in resource-constrained systems. In a single GPU-CPU system, we demonstrate that under varying workloads, ALISA improves the throughput of baseline systems such as FlexGen and vLLM by up to 3X and 1.9X, respectively.

Merino: Entropy-driven Design for Generative Language Models on IoT Devices

Generative Large Language Models (LLMs) stand as a revolutionary advancement in the modern era of artificial intelligence (AI). However, directly deploying LLMs in resource-constrained hardware, such as Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, is difficult due to their high computational cost. In this paper, we propose a novel information-entropy framework for designing mobile-friendly generative language models. Our key design paradigm is to maximize the entropy of transformer decoders within the given computational budgets. The whole design procedure involves solving a mathematical programming (MP) problem, which can be done on the CPU within minutes, making it nearly zero-cost. We evaluate our designed models, termed MeRino, across nine NLP downstream tasks, showing their competitive performance against the state-of-the-art autoregressive transformer models under the mobile setting. Notably, MeRino achieves similar or better zero performance compared to the 350M parameter OPT while being 4.9x faster on NVIDIA Jetson Nano with 5.5x reduction in model size. Code will be made available soon.

DanZero+: Dominating the GuanDan Game through Reinforcement Learning

The utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) in card games has been a well-explored subject within AI research for an extensive period. Recent advancements have propelled AI programs to showcase expertise in intricate card games such as Mahjong, DouDizhu, and Texas Hold'em. In this work, we aim to develop an AI program for an exceptionally complex and popular card game called GuanDan. This game involves four players engaging in both competitive and cooperative play throughout a long process to upgrade their level, posing great challenges for AI due to its expansive state and action space, long episode length, and complex rules. Employing reinforcement learning techniques, specifically Deep Monte Carlo (DMC), and a distributed training framework, we first put forward an AI program named DanZero for this game. Evaluation against baseline AI programs based on heuristic rules highlights the outstanding performance of our bot. Besides, in order to further enhance the AI's capabilities, we apply policy-based reinforcement learning algorithm to GuanDan. To address the challenges arising from the huge action space, which will significantly impact the performance of policy-based algorithms, we adopt the pre-trained model to facilitate the training process and the achieved AI program manages to achieve a superior performance.

DanZero: Mastering GuanDan Game with Reinforcement Learning

Card game AI has always been a hot topic in the research of artificial intelligence. In recent years, complex card games such as Mahjong, DouDizhu and Texas Hold'em have been solved and the corresponding AI programs have reached the level of human experts. In this paper, we are devoted to developing an AI program for a more complex card game, GuanDan, whose rules are similar to DouDizhu but much more complicated. To be specific, the characteristics of large state and action space, long length of one episode and the unsure number of players in the GuanDan pose great challenges for the development of the AI program. To address these issues, we propose the first AI program DanZero for GuanDan using reinforcement learning technique. Specifically, we utilize a distributed framework to train our AI system. In the actor processes, we carefully design the state features and agents generate samples by self-play. In the learner process, the model is updated by Deep Monte-Carlo Method. After training for 30 days using 160 CPUs and 1 GPU, we get our DanZero bot. We compare it with 8 baseline AI programs which are based on heuristic rules and the results reveal the outstanding performance of DanZero. We also test DanZero with human players and demonstrate its human-level performance.

Lightweight Vision Transformer with Cross Feature Attention

Recent advances in vision transformers (ViTs) have achieved great performance in visual recognition tasks. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) exploit spatial inductive bias to learn visual representations, but these networks are spatially local. ViTs can learn global representations with their self-attention mechanism, but they are usually heavy-weight and unsuitable for mobile devices. In this paper, we propose cross feature attention (XFA) to bring down computation cost for transformers, and combine efficient mobile CNNs to form a novel efficient light-weight CNN-ViT hybrid model, XFormer, which can serve as a general-purpose backbone to learn both global and local representation. Experimental results show that XFormer outperforms numerous CNN and ViT-based models across different tasks and datasets. On ImageNet1K dataset, XFormer achieves top-1 accuracy of 78.5% with 5.5 million parameters, which is 2.2% and 6.3% more accurate than EfficientNet-B0 (CNN-based) and DeiT (ViT-based) for similar number of parameters. Our model also performs well when transferring to object detection and semantic segmentation tasks. On MS COCO dataset, XFormer exceeds MobileNetV2 by 10.5 AP (22.7 -> 33.2 AP) in YOLOv3 framework with only 6.3M parameters and 3.8G FLOPs. On Cityscapes dataset, with only a simple all-MLP decoder, XFormer achieves mIoU of 78.5 and FPS of 15.3, surpassing state-of-the-art lightweight segmentation networks.

Semi-Supervised Segmentation of Mitochondria from Electron Microscopy Images Using Spatial Continuity

Morphology of mitochondria plays critical roles in mediating their physiological functions. Accurate segmentation of mitochondria from 3D electron microscopy (EM) images is essential to quantitative characterization of their morphology at the nanometer scale. Fully supervised deep learning models developed for this task achieve excellent performance but require substantial amounts of annotated data for training. However, manual annotation of EM images is laborious and time-consuming because of their large volumes, limited contrast, and low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). To overcome this challenge, we propose a semi-supervised deep learning model that segments mitochondria by leveraging the spatial continuity of their structural, morphological, and contextual information in both labeled and unlabeled images. We use random piecewise affine transformation to synthesize comprehensive and realistic mitochondrial morphology for augmentation of training data. Experiments on the EPFL dataset show that our model achieves performance similar as that of state-of-the-art fully supervised models but requires only ~20% of their annotated training data. Our semi-supervised model is versatile and can also accurately segment other spatially continuous structures from EM images. Data and code of this study are openly accessible at https://github.com/cbmi-group/MPP.

DouZero+: Improving DouDizhu AI by Opponent Modeling and Coach-guided Learning

Recent years have witnessed the great breakthrough of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) in various perfect and imperfect information games. Among these games, DouDizhu, a popular card game in China, is very challenging due to the imperfect information, large state space, elements of collaboration and a massive number of possible moves from turn to turn. Recently, a DouDizhu AI system called DouZero has been proposed. Trained using traditional Monte Carlo method with deep neural networks and self-play procedure without the abstraction of human prior knowledge, DouZero has outperformed all the existing DouDizhu AI programs. In this work, we propose to enhance DouZero by introducing opponent modeling into DouZero. Besides, we propose a novel coach network to further boost the performance of DouZero and accelerate its training process. With the integration of the above two techniques into DouZero, our DouDizhu AI system achieves better performance and ranks top in the Botzone leaderboard among more than 400 AI agents, including DouZero.

Coach-assisted Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Framework for Unexpected Crashed Agents

Multi-agent reinforcement learning is difficult to be applied in practice, which is partially due to the gap between the simulated and real-world scenarios. One reason for the gap is that the simulated systems always assume that the agents can work normally all the time, while in practice, one or more agents may unexpectedly "crash" during the coordination process due to inevitable hardware or software failures. Such crashes will destroy the cooperation among agents, leading to performance degradation. In this work, we present a formal formulation of a cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning system with unexpected crashes. To enhance the robustness of the system to crashes, we propose a coach-assisted multi-agent reinforcement learning framework, which introduces a virtual coach agent to adjust the crash rate during training. We design three coaching strategies and the re-sampling strategy for our coach agent. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to study the unexpected crashes in the multi-agent system. Extensive experiments on grid-world and StarCraft II micromanagement tasks demonstrate the efficacy of adaptive strategy compared with the fixed crash rate strategy and curriculum learning strategy. The ablation study further illustrates the effectiveness of our re-sampling strategy.