AllTogether: Investigating the Efficacy of Spliced Prompt for Web Navigation using Large Language Models

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as promising agents for web navigation tasks, interpreting objectives and interacting with web pages. However, the efficiency of spliced prompts for such tasks remains underexplored. We introduces AllTogether, a standardized prompt template that enhances task context representation, thereby improving LLMs' performance in HTML-based web navigation. We evaluate the efficacy of this approach through prompt learning and instruction finetuning based on open-source Llama-2 and API-accessible GPT models. Our results reveal that models like GPT-4 outperform smaller models in web navigation tasks. Additionally, we find that the length of HTML snippet and history trajectory significantly influence performance, and prior step-by-step instructions prove less effective than real-time environmental feedback. Overall, we believe our work provides valuable insights for future research in LLM-driven web agents.

Cognition-Mode Aware Variational Representation Learning Framework for Knowledge Tracing

The Knowledge Tracing (KT) task plays a crucial role in personalized learning, and its purpose is to predict student responses based on their historical practice behavior sequence. However, the KT task suffers from data sparsity, which makes it challenging to learn robust representations for students with few practice records and increases the risk of model overfitting. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a Cognition-Mode Aware Variational Representation Learning Framework (CMVF) that can be directly applied to existing KT methods. Our framework uses a probabilistic model to generate a distribution for each student, accounting for uncertainty in those with limited practice records, and estimate the student's distribution via variational inference (VI). In addition, we also introduce a cognition-mode aware multinomial distribution as prior knowledge that constrains the posterior student distributions learning, so as to ensure that students with similar cognition modes have similar distributions, avoiding overwhelming personalization for students with few practice records. At last, extensive experimental results confirm that CMVF can effectively aid existing KT methods in learning more robust student representations. Our code is available at https://github.com/zmy-9/CMVF.

No Length Left Behind: Enhancing Knowledge Tracing for Modeling Sequences of Excessive or Insufficient Lengths

Knowledge tracing (KT) aims to predict students' responses to practices based on their historical question-answering behaviors. However, most current KT methods focus on improving overall AUC, leaving ample room for optimization in modeling sequences of excessive or insufficient lengths. As sequences get longer, computational costs will increase exponentially. Therefore, KT methods usually truncate sequences to an acceptable length, which makes it difficult for models on online service systems to capture complete historical practice behaviors of students with too long sequences. Conversely, modeling students with short practice sequences using most KT methods may result in overfitting due to limited observation samples. To address the above limitations, we propose a model called Sequence-Flexible Knowledge Tracing (SFKT).

Counterfactual Monotonic Knowledge Tracing for Assessing Students' Dynamic Mastery of Knowledge Concepts

As the core of the Knowledge Tracking (KT) task, assessing students' dynamic mastery of knowledge concepts is crucial for both offline teaching and online educational applications. Since students' mastery of knowledge concepts is often unlabeled, existing KT methods rely on the implicit paradigm of historical practice to mastery of knowledge concepts to students' responses to practices to address the challenge of unlabeled concept mastery. However, purely predicting student responses without imposing specific constraints on hidden concept mastery values does not guarantee the accuracy of these intermediate values as concept mastery values. To address this issue, we propose a principled approach called Counterfactual Monotonic Knowledge Tracing (CMKT), which builds on the implicit paradigm described above by using a counterfactual assumption to constrain the evolution of students' mastery of knowledge concepts.

Multi-source Education Knowledge Graph Construction and Fusion for College Curricula

The field of education has undergone a significant transformation due to the rapid advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI). Among the various AI technologies, Knowledge Graphs (KGs) using Natural Language Processing (NLP) have emerged as powerful visualization tools for integrating multifaceted information. In the context of university education, the availability of numerous specialized courses and complicated learning resources often leads to inferior learning outcomes for students. In this paper, we propose an automated framework for knowledge extraction, visual KG construction, and graph fusion, tailored for the major of Electronic Information. Furthermore, we perform data analysis to investigate the correlation degree and relationship between courses, rank hot knowledge concepts, and explore the intersection of courses. Our objective is to enhance the learning efficiency of students and to explore new educational paradigms enabled by AI. The proposed framework is expected to enable students to better understand and appreciate the intricacies of their field of study by providing them with a comprehensive understanding of the relationships between the various concepts and courses.

A Chit-Chats Enhanced Task-Oriented Dialogue Corpora for Fuse-Motive Conversation Systems

The goal of building intelligent dialogue systems has largely been separately pursued under two motives: task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems, and open-domain systems for chit-chat (CC). Although previous TOD dialogue systems work well in the testing sets of benchmarks, they would lead to undesirable failure when being exposed to natural scenarios in practice, where user utterances can be of high motive-diversity that fusing both TOD and CC in multi-turn interaction. Since an industrial TOD system should be able to converse with the user between TOD and CC motives, constructing a fuse-motive dialogue dataset that contains both TOD or CC is important. Most prior work relies on crowd workers to collect and annotate large scale dataset and is restricted to English language setting. Our work, on the contrary, addresses this problem in a more effective way and releases a multi-turn dialogues dataset called CCET (Chinese Chat-Enhanced-Task). Meanwhile, we also propose a line of fuse-motive dialogues formalization approach, along with several evaluation metrics for TOD sessions that are integrated by CC utterances.

Multi-Factors Aware Dual-Attentional Knowledge Tracing

With the increasing demands of personalized learning, knowledge tracing has become important which traces students' knowledge states based on their historical practices. Factor analysis methods mainly use two kinds of factors which are separately related to students and questions to model students' knowledge states. These methods use the total number of attempts of students to model students' learning progress and hardly highlight the impact of the most recent relevant practices. Besides, current factor analysis methods ignore rich information contained in questions. In this paper, we propose Multi-Factors Aware Dual-Attentional model (MF-DAKT) which enriches question representations and utilizes multiple factors to model students' learning progress based on a dual-attentional mechanism. More specifically, we propose a novel student-related factor which records the most recent attempts on relevant concepts of students to highlight the impact of recent exercises. To enrich questions representations, we use a pre-training method to incorporate two kinds of question information including questions' relation and difficulty level. We also add a regularization term about questions' difficulty level to restrict pre-trained question representations to fine-tuning during the process of predicting students' performance. Moreover, we apply a dual-attentional mechanism to differentiate contributions of factors and factor interactions to final prediction in different practice records. At last, we conduct experiments on several real-world datasets and results show that MF-DAKT can outperform existing knowledge tracing methods. We also conduct several studies to validate the effects of each component of MF-DAKT.