PI-Mem: Pushing Long-Context Reasoning to 3.6M Tokens with Parallel-Iterative Memory

Long-context reasoning remains a critical bottleneck for large language models, as recent recurrent-memory approaches face two inherent challenges: sequential chunk-wise updates can overwrite early critical evidence with later irrelevant content, and serial inter-chunk dependencies limit parallelism and cause latency to increase with context length. To address these issues, we propose PI-Mem (Parallel-Iterative Memory), a mechanism that processes all chunks in parallel and iteratively refines a shared memory over a bounded number of turns. In each turn, PI-Mem reads all chunks in parallel conditioned on the current memory, selects new or complementary evidence from each chunk, and merges the selected evidence into a compact shared memory for the next turn. To discourage redundant turns, we optimize the workflow through reinforcement learning with an auxiliary turn-efficiency reward, enabling the model to adaptively exit once sufficient evidence has been accumulated. We evaluate PI-Mem with Qwen3.5-35B-A3B and Qwen2.5-7B on the HotpotQA benchmark across context lengths up to 3.6 million tokens and find that it outperforms the recurrent-memory baseline by +6.25 and +7.81 absolute points while achieving 6.1$\times$ and 2.1$\times$ inference speedups, respectively. These results demonstrate that PI-Mem breaks the accuracy--efficiency trade-off in long-context reasoning and provides a scalable approach to complex multi-hop question answering over extremely long documents.

MARS$^2$: Scaling Multi-Agent Tree Search via Reinforcement Learning for Code Generation

Reinforcement learning (RL) paradigms have demonstrated strong performance on reasoning-intensive tasks such as code generation. However, limited trajectory diversity often leads to diminishing returns, which constrains the achievable performance ceiling. Search-enhanced RL alleviates this issue by introducing structured exploration, which remains constrained by the single-agent policy priors. Meanwhile, leveraging multiple interacting policies can acquire more diverse exploratory signals, but existing approaches are typically decoupled from structured search. We propose \textbf{MARS$^2$} (Multi-Agent Reinforced Tree-Search Scaling), a unified RL framework in which multiple independently-optimized agents collaborate within a shared tree-structured search environment. MARS$^2$ models the search tree as a learnable multi-agent interaction environment, enabling heterogeneous agents to collaboratively generate and refine candidate solutions within a shared search topology. To support effective learning, we introduce a path-level group advantage formulation based on tree-consistent reward shaping, which facilitates effective credit assignment across complex search trajectories. Experiments on code generation benchmarks show that MARS$^2$ consistently improves performance across diverse model combinations and training settings, demonstrating the effectiveness of coupling multi-agent collaboration with tree search for enhancing reinforcement learning. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/TsinghuaC3I/MARTI.

MARTI-MARS$^2$: Scaling Multi-Agent Self-Search via Reinforcement Learning for Code Generation

While the complex reasoning capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) has attracted significant attention, single-agent systems often encounter inherent performance ceilings in complex tasks such as code generation. Multi-agent collaboration offers a promising avenue to transcend these boundaries. However, existing frameworks typically rely on prompt-based test-time interactions or multi-role configurations trained with homogeneous parameters, limiting error correction capabilities and strategic diversity. In this paper, we propose a Multi-Agent Reinforced Training and Inference Framework with Self-Search Scaling (MARTI-MARS2), which integrates policy learning with multi-agent tree search by formulating the multi-agent collaborative exploration process as a dynamic and learnable environment. By allowing agents to iteratively explore and refine within the environment, the framework facilitates evolution from parameter-sharing homogeneous multi-role training to heterogeneous multi-agent training, breaking through single-agent capability limits. We also introduce an efficient inference strategy MARTI-MARS2-T+ to fully exploit the scaling potential of multi-agent collaboration at test time. We conduct extensive experiments across varied model scales (8B, 14B, and 32B) on challenging code generation benchmarks. Utilizing two collaborating 32B models, MARTI-MARS2 achieves 77.7%, outperforming strong baselines like GPT-5.1. Furthermore, MARTI-MARS2 reveals a novel scaling law: shifting from single-agent to homogeneous multi-role and ultimately to heterogeneous multi-agent paradigms progressively yields higher RL performance ceilings, robust TTS capabilities, and greater policy diversity, suggesting that policy diversity is critical for scaling intelligence via multi-agent reinforcement learning.