Learning-Based Joint Antenna Selection and Precoding Design for Cell-Free MIMO Networks

This paper considers a downlink cell-free multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) network in which multiple multi-antenna base stations (BSs) serve multiple users via coherent joint transmission. In order to reduce the energy consumption by radio frequency components, each BS selects a subset of antennas for downlink data transmission after estimating the channel state information (CSI). We aim to maximize the sum spectral efficiency by jointly optimizing the antenna selection and precoding design. To alleviate the fronthaul overhead and enable real-time network operation, we propose a distributed scalable machine learning algorithm. In particular, at each BS, we deploy a convolutional neural network (CNN) for antenna selection and a graph neural network (GNN) for precoding design. Different from conventional centralized solutions that require a large amount of CSI and signaling exchange among the BSs, the proposed distributed machine learning algorithm takes only locally estimated CSI as input. With well-trained learning models, it is shown that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms the distributed baseline schemes and achieves a sum spectral efficiency comparable to its centralized counterpart.

Blind Federated Learning via Over-the-Air q-QAM

In this work, we investigate federated edge learning over a fading multiple access channel. To alleviate the communication burden between the edge devices and the access point, we introduce a pioneering digital over-the-air computation strategy employing q-ary quadrature amplitude modulation, culminating in a low latency communication scheme. Indeed, we propose a new federated edge learning framework in which edge devices use digital modulation for over-the-air uplink transmission to the edge server while they have no access to the channel state information. Furthermore, we incorporate multiple antennas at the edge server to overcome the fading inherent in wireless communication. We analyze the number of antennas required to mitigate the fading impact effectively. We prove a non-asymptotic upper bound for the mean squared error for the proposed federated learning with digital over-the-air uplink transmissions under both noisy and fading conditions. Leveraging the derived upper bound, we characterize the convergence rate of the learning process of a non-convex loss function in terms of the mean square error of gradients due to the fading channel. Furthermore, we substantiate the theoretical assurances through numerical experiments concerning mean square error and the convergence efficacy of the digital federated edge learning framework. Notably, the results demonstrate that augmenting the number of antennas at the edge server and adopting higher-order modulations improve the model accuracy up to 60\%.

ChannelComp: A General Method for Computation by Communications

Over-the-air computation (AirComp) is a well-known technique by which several wireless devices transmit by analog amplitude modulation to achieve a sum of their transmit signals at a common receiver. The underlying physical principle is the superposition property of the radio waves. Since such superposition is analog and in amplitude, it is natural that AirComp uses analog amplitude modulations. Unfortunately, this is impractical because most wireless devices today use digital modulations. It would be highly desirable to use digital communications because of their numerous benefits, such as error correction, synchronization, acquisition of channel state information, and widespread use. However, when we use digital modulations for AirComp, a general belief is that the superposition property of the radio waves returns a meaningless overlapping of the digital signals. In this paper, we break through such beliefs and propose an entirely new digital channel computing method named ChannelComp, which can use digital as well as analog modulations. We propose a feasibility optimization problem that ascertains the optimal modulation for computing arbitrary functions over-the-air. Additionally, we propose pre-coders to adapt existing digital modulation schemes for computing the function over the multiple access channel. The simulation results verify the superior performance of ChannelComp compared to AirComp, particularly for the product functions, with more than 10 dB improvement of the computation error.

Optimal Receive Filter Design for Misaligned Over-the-Air Computation

Over-the-air computation (OAC) is a promising wireless communication method for aggregating data from many devices in dense wireless networks. The fundamental idea of OAC is to exploit signal superposition to compute functions of multiple simultaneously transmitted signals. However, the time- and phase-alignment of these superimposed signals have a significant effect on the quality of function computation. In this study, we analyze the OAC problem for a system with unknown random time delays and phase shifts. We show that the classical matched filter does not produce optimal results, and generates bias in the function estimates. To counteract this, we propose a new filter design and show that, under a bound on the maximum time delay, it is possible to achieve unbiased function computation. Additionally, we propose a Tikhonov regularization problem that produces an optimal filter given a tradeoff between the bias and noise-induced variance of the function estimates. When the time delays are long compared to the length of the transmitted pulses, our filter vastly outperforms the matched filter both in terms of bias and mean-squared error (MSE). For shorter time delays, our proposal yields similar MSE as the matched filter, while reducing the bias.

A Comparison of Neural Networks for Wireless Channel Prediction

The performance of modern wireless communications systems depends critically on the quality of the available channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter and receiver. Several previous works have proposed concepts and algorithms that help maintain high quality CSI even in the presence of high mobility and channel aging, such as temporal prediction schemes that employ neural networks. However, it is still unclear which neural network-based scheme provides the best performance in terms of prediction quality, training complexity and practical feasibility. To investigate such a question, this paper first provides an overview of state-of-the-art neural networks applicable to channel prediction and compares their performance in terms of prediction quality. Next, a new comparative analysis is proposed for four promising neural networks with different prediction horizons. The well-known tapped delay channel model recommended by the Third Generation Partnership Program is used for a standardized comparison among the neural networks. Based on this comparative evaluation, the advantages and disadvantages of each neural network are discussed and guidelines for selecting the best-suited neural network in channel prediction applications are given.

Off-the-grid Blind Deconvolution and Demixing

We consider the problem of gridless blind deconvolution and demixing (GB2D) in scenarios where multiple users communicate messages through multiple unknown channels, and a single base station (BS) collects their contributions. This scenario arises in various communication fields, including wireless communications, the Internet of Things, over-the-air computation, and integrated sensing and communications. In this setup, each user's message is convolved with a multi-path channel formed by several scaled and delayed copies of Dirac spikes. The BS receives a linear combination of the convolved signals, and the goal is to recover the unknown amplitudes, continuous-indexed delays, and transmitted waveforms from a compressed vector of measurements at the BS. However, in the absence of any prior knowledge of the transmitted messages and channels, GB2D is highly challenging and intractable in general. To address this issue, we assume that each user's message follows a distinct modulation scheme living in a known low-dimensional subspace. By exploiting these subspace assumptions and the sparsity of the multipath channels for different users, we transform the nonlinear GB2D problem into a matrix tuple recovery problem from a few linear measurements. To achieve this, we propose a semidefinite programming optimization that exploits the specific low-dimensional structure of the matrix tuple to recover the messages and continuous delays of different communication paths from a single received signal at the BS. Finally, our numerical experiments show that our proposed method effectively recovers all transmitted messages and the continuous delay parameters of the channels with a sufficient number of samples.

Blind Asynchronous Goal-Oriented Detection for Massive Connectivity

Resource allocation and multiple access schemes are instrumental for the success of communication networks, which facilitate seamless wireless connectivity among a growing population of uncoordinated and non-synchronized users. In this paper, we present a novel random access scheme that addresses one of the most severe barriers of current strategies to achieve massive connectivity and ultra-reliable and low latency communications for 6G. The proposed scheme utilizes wireless channels' angular continuous group-sparsity feature to provide low latency, high reliability, and massive access features in the face of limited time-bandwidth resources, asynchronous transmissions, and preamble errors. Specifically, a reconstruction-free goal-oriented optimization problem is proposed, which preserves the angular information of active devices and is then complemented by a clustering algorithm to assign active users to specific groups. This allows us to identify active stationary devices according to their line of sight angles. Additionally, for mobile devices, an alternating minimization algorithm is proposed to recover their preamble, data, and channel gains simultaneously, enabling the identification of active mobile users. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm provides excellent performance and supports a massive number of devices. Moreover, the performance of the proposed scheme is independent of the total number of devices, distinguishing it from other random access schemes. The proposed method provides a unified solution to meet the requirements of machine-type communications and ultra-reliable and low-latency communications, making it an important contribution to the emerging 6G networks.

Computing Functions Over-the-Air Using Digital Modulations

Over-the-air computation (AirComp) is a known technique in which wireless devices transmit values by analog amplitude modulation so that a function of these values is computed over the communication channel at a common receiver. The physical reason is the superposition properties of the electromagnetic waves, which naturally return sums of analog values. Consequently, the applications of AirComp are almost entirely restricted to analog communication systems. However, the use of digital communications for over-the-air computations would have several benefits, such as error correction, synchronization, acquisition of channel state information, and easier adoption by current digital communication systems. Nevertheless, a common belief is that digital modulations are generally unfeasible for computation tasks because the overlapping of digitally modulated signals returns signals that seem to be meaningless for these tasks. This paper breaks through such a belief and proposes a fundamentally new computing method, named ChannelComp, for performing over-the-air computations by any digital modulation. In particular, we propose digital modulation formats that allow us to compute a wider class of functions than AirComp can compute, and we propose a feasibility optimization problem that ascertains the optimal digital modulation for computing functions over-the-air. The simulation results verify the superior performance of ChannelComp in comparison to AirComp, particularly for the product functions, with around 10 dB improvement of the computation error.