Spoof Diarization: "What Spoofed When" in Partially Spoofed Audio

This paper defines Spoof Diarization as a novel task in the Partial Spoof (PS) scenario. It aims to determine what spoofed when, which includes not only locating spoof regions but also clustering them according to different spoofing methods. As a pioneering study in spoof diarization, we focus on defining the task, establishing evaluation metrics, and proposing a benchmark model, namely the Countermeasure-Condition Clustering (3C) model. Utilizing this model, we first explore how to effectively train countermeasures to support spoof diarization using three labeling schemes. We then utilize spoof localization predictions to enhance the diarization performance. This first study reveals the high complexity of the task, even in restricted scenarios where only a single speaker per audio file and an oracle number of spoofing methods are considered. Our code is available at https://github.com/nii-yamagishilab/PartialSpoof.

Do End-to-End Neural Diarization Attractors Need to Encode Speaker Characteristic Information?

In this paper, we apply the variational information bottleneck approach to end-to-end neural diarization with encoder-decoder attractors (EEND-EDA). This allows us to investigate what information is essential for the model. EEND-EDA utilizes vector representations of the speakers in a conversation - attractors. Our analysis shows that, attractors do not necessarily have to contain speaker characteristic information. On the other hand, giving the attractors more freedom allowing them to encode some extra (possibly speaker-specific) information leads to small but consistent diarization performance improvements. Despite architectural differences in EEND systems, the notion of attractors and frame embeddings is common to most of them and not specific to EEND-EDA. We believe that the main conclusions of this work can apply to other variants of EEND. Thus, we hope this paper will be a valuable contribution to guide the community to make more informed decisions when designing new systems.

DiaPer: End-to-End Neural Diarization with Perceiver-Based Attractors

Until recently, the field of speaker diarization was dominated by cascaded systems. Due to their limitations, mainly regarding overlapped speech and cumbersome pipelines, end-to-end models have gained great popularity lately. One of the most successful models is end-to-end neural diarization with encoder-decoder based attractors (EEND-EDA). In this work, we replace the EDA module with a Perceiver-based one and show its advantages over EEND-EDA; namely obtaining better performance on the largely studied Callhome dataset, finding the quantity of speakers in a conversation more accurately, and running inference on almost half of the time on long recordings. Furthermore, when exhaustively compared with other methods, our model, DiaPer, reaches remarkable performance with a very lightweight design. Besides, we perform comparisons with other works and a cascaded baseline across more than ten public wide-band datasets. Together with this publication, we release the code of DiaPer as well as models trained on public and free data.

Discriminative Training of VBx Diarization

Bayesian HMM clustering of x-vector sequences (VBx) has become a widely adopted diarization baseline model in publications and challenges. It uses an HMM to model speaker turns, a generatively trained probabilistic linear discriminant analysis (PLDA) for speaker distribution modeling, and Bayesian inference to estimate the assignment of x-vectors to speakers. This paper presents a new framework for updating the VBx parameters using discriminative training, which directly optimizes a predefined loss. We also propose a new loss that better correlates with the diarization error rate compared to binary cross-entropy $\unicode{x2013}$ the default choice for diarization end-to-end systems. Proof-of-concept results across three datasets (AMI, CALLHOME, and DIHARD II) demonstrate the method's capability of automatically finding hyperparameters, achieving comparable performance to those found by extensive grid search, which typically requires additional hyperparameter behavior knowledge. Moreover, we show that discriminative fine-tuning of PLDA can further improve the model's performance. We release the source code with this publication.

DiaCorrect: Error Correction Back-end For Speaker Diarization

In this work, we propose an error correction framework, named DiaCorrect, to refine the output of a diarization system in a simple yet effective way. This method is inspired by error correction techniques in automatic speech recognition. Our model consists of two parallel convolutional encoders and a transform-based decoder. By exploiting the interactions between the input recording and the initial system's outputs, DiaCorrect can automatically correct the initial speaker activities to minimize the diarization errors. Experiments on 2-speaker telephony data show that the proposed DiaCorrect can effectively improve the initial model's results. Our source code is publicly available at https://github.com/BUTSpeechFIT/diacorrect.

Multi-Stream Extension of Variational Bayesian HMM Clustering (MS-VBx) for Combined End-to-End and Vector Clustering-based Diarization

Combining end-to-end neural speaker diarization (EEND) with vector clustering (VC), known as EEND-VC, has gained interest for leveraging the strengths of both methods. EEND-VC estimates activities and speaker embeddings for all speakers within an audio chunk and uses VC to associate these activities with speaker identities across different chunks. EEND-VC generates thus multiple streams of embeddings, one for each speaker in a chunk. We can cluster these embeddings using constrained agglomerative hierarchical clustering (cAHC), ensuring embeddings from the same chunk belong to different clusters. This paper introduces an alternative clustering approach, a multi-stream extension of the successful Bayesian HMM clustering of x-vectors (VBx), called MS-VBx. Experiments on three datasets demonstrate that MS-VBx outperforms cAHC in diarization and speaker counting performance.

Multi-Speaker and Wide-Band Simulated Conversations as Training Data for End-to-End Neural Diarization

End-to-end diarization presents an attractive alternative to standard cascaded diarization systems because a single system can handle all aspects of the task at once. Many flavors of end-to-end models have been proposed but all of them require (so far non-existing) large amounts of annotated data for training. The compromise solution consists in generating synthetic data and the recently proposed simulated conversations (SC) have shown remarkable improvements over the original simulated mixtures (SM). In this work, we create SC with multiple speakers per conversation and show that they allow for substantially better performance than SM, also reducing the dependence on a fine-tuning stage. We also create SC with wide-band public audio sources and present an analysis on several evaluation sets. Together with this publication, we release the recipes for generating such data and models trained on public sets as well as the implementation to efficiently handle multiple speakers per conversation and an auxiliary voice activity detection loss.

From Simulated Mixtures to Simulated Conversations as Training Data for End-to-End Neural Diarization

End-to-end neural diarization (EEND) is nowadays one of the most prominent research topics in speaker diarization. EEND presents an attractive alternative to standard cascaded diarization systems since a single system is trained at once to deal with the whole diarization problem. Several EEND variants and approaches are being proposed, however, all these models require large amounts of annotated data for training but available annotated data are scarce. Thus, EEND works have used mostly simulated mixtures for training. However, simulated mixtures do not resemble real conversations in many aspects. In this work we present an alternative method for creating synthetic conversations that resemble real ones by using statistics about distributions of pauses and overlaps estimated on genuine conversations. Furthermore, we analyze the effect of the source of the statistics, different augmentations and amounts of data. We demonstrate that our approach performs substantially better than the original one, while reducing the dependence on the fine-tuning stage. Experiments are carried out on 2-speaker telephone conversations of Callhome and DIHARD 3. Together with this publication, we release our implementations of EEND and the method for creating simulated conversations.

Speaker adaptation for Wav2vec2 based dysarthric ASR

Dysarthric speech recognition has posed major challenges due to lack of training data and heavy mismatch in speaker characteristics. Recent ASR systems have benefited from readily available pretrained models such as wav2vec2 to improve the recognition performance. Speaker adaptation using fMLLR and xvectors have provided major gains for dysarthric speech with very little adaptation data. However, integration of wav2vec2 with fMLLR features or xvectors during wav2vec2 finetuning is yet to be explored. In this work, we propose a simple adaptation network for fine-tuning wav2vec2 using fMLLR features. The adaptation network is also flexible to handle other speaker adaptive features such as xvectors. Experimental analysis show steady improvements using our proposed approach across all impairment severity levels and attains 57.72\% WER for high severity in UASpeech dataset. We also performed experiments on German dataset to substantiate the consistency of our proposed approach across diverse domains.

Bayesian HMM clustering of x-vector sequences in speaker diarization: theory, implementation and analysis on standard tasks

The recently proposed VBx diarization method uses a Bayesian hidden Markov model to find speaker clusters in a sequence of x-vectors. In this work we perform an extensive comparison of performance of the VBx diarization with other approaches in the literature and we show that VBx achieves superior performance on three of the most popular datasets for evaluating diarization: CALLHOME, AMI and DIHARDII datasets. Further, we present for the first time the derivation and update formulae for the VBx model, focusing on the efficiency and simplicity of this model as compared to the previous and more complex BHMM model working on frame-by-frame standard Cepstral features. Together with this publication, we release the recipe for training the x-vector extractors used in our experiments on both wide and narrowband data, and the VBx recipes that attain state-of-the-art performance on all three datasets. Besides, we point out the lack of a standardized evaluation protocol for AMI dataset and we propose a new protocol for both Beamformed and Mix-Headset audios based on the official AMI partitions and transcriptions.