SynSHRP2: A Synthetic Multimodal Benchmark for Driving Safety-critical Events Derived from Real-world Driving Data

Driving-related safety-critical events (SCEs), including crashes and near-crashes, provide essential insights for the development and safety evaluation of automated driving systems. However, two major challenges limit their accessibility: the rarity of SCEs and the presence of sensitive privacy information in the data. The Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS), the largest NDS to date, collected millions of hours of multimodal, high-resolution, high-frequency driving data from thousands of participants, capturing thousands of SCEs. While this dataset is invaluable for safety research, privacy concerns and data use restrictions significantly limit public access to the raw data. To address these challenges, we introduce SynSHRP2, a publicly available, synthetic, multimodal driving dataset containing over 1874 crashes and 6924 near-crashes derived from the SHRP 2 NDS. The dataset features de-identified keyframes generated using Stable Diffusion and ControlNet, ensuring the preservation of critical safety-related information while eliminating personally identifiable data. Additionally, SynSHRP2 includes detailed annotations on SCE type, environmental and traffic conditions, and time-series kinematic data spanning 5 seconds before and during each event. Synchronized keyframes and narrative descriptions further enhance its usability. This paper presents two benchmarks for event attribute classification and scene understanding, demonstrating the potential applications of SynSHRP2 in advancing safety research and automated driving system development.

Are Vision LLMs Road-Ready? A Comprehensive Benchmark for Safety-Critical Driving Video Understanding

Vision Large Language Models (VLLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in general visual tasks such as image captioning and visual question answering. However, their effectiveness in specialized, safety-critical domains like autonomous driving remains largely unexplored. Autonomous driving systems require sophisticated scene understanding in complex environments, yet existing multimodal benchmarks primarily focus on normal driving conditions, failing to adequately assess VLLMs' performance in safety-critical scenarios. To address this, we introduce DVBench, a pioneering benchmark designed to evaluate the performance of VLLMs in understanding safety-critical driving videos. Built around a hierarchical ability taxonomy that aligns with widely adopted frameworks for describing driving scenarios used in assessing highly automated driving systems, DVBench features 10,000 multiple-choice questions with human-annotated ground-truth answers, enabling a comprehensive evaluation of VLLMs' capabilities in perception and reasoning. Experiments on 14 SOTA VLLMs, ranging from 0.5B to 72B parameters, reveal significant performance gaps, with no model achieving over 40% accuracy, highlighting critical limitations in understanding complex driving scenarios. To probe adaptability, we fine-tuned selected models using domain-specific data from DVBench, achieving accuracy gains ranging from 5.24 to 10.94 percentage points, with relative improvements of up to 43.59%. This improvement underscores the necessity of targeted adaptation to bridge the gap between general-purpose VLLMs and mission-critical driving applications. DVBench establishes an essential evaluation framework and research roadmap for developing VLLMs that meet the safety and robustness requirements for real-world autonomous systems. We released the benchmark toolbox and the fine-tuned model at: https://github.com/tong-zeng/DVBench.git.

Review of Mathematical Optimization in Federated Learning

Federated Learning (FL) has been becoming a popular interdisciplinary research area in both applied mathematics and information sciences. Mathematically, FL aims to collaboratively optimize aggregate objective functions over distributed datasets while satisfying a variety of privacy and system constraints.Different from conventional distributed optimization methods, FL needs to address several specific issues (e.g., non-i.i.d. data distributions and differential private noises), which pose a set of new challenges in the problem formulation, algorithm design, and convergence analysis. In this paper, we will systematically review existing FL optimization research including their assumptions, formulations, methods, and theoretical results. Potential future directions are also discussed.

ScVLM: a Vision-Language Model for Driving Safety Critical Event Understanding

Accurately identifying, understanding, and describing driving safety-critical events (SCEs), including crashes and near-crashes, is crucial for traffic safety, automated driving systems, and advanced driver assistance systems research and application. As SCEs are rare events, most general Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have not been trained sufficiently to link SCE videos and narratives, which could lead to hallucination and missing key safety characteristics. To tackle these challenges, we propose ScVLM, a hybrid approach that combines supervised learning and contrastive learning to improve driving video understanding and event description rationality for VLMs. The proposed approach is trained on and evaluated by more than 8,600 SCEs from the Second Strategic Highway Research Program Naturalistic Driving Study dataset, the largest publicly accessible driving dataset with videos and SCE annotations. The results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach in generating contextually accurate event descriptions and mitigate hallucinations from VLMs.

Large Étendue 3D Holographic Display with Content-adpative Dynamic Fourier Modulation

Emerging holographic display technology offers unique capabilities for next-generation virtual reality systems. Current holographic near-eye displays, however, only support a small \'etendue, which results in a direct tradeoff between achievable field of view and eyebox size. \'Etendue expansion has recently been explored, but existing approaches are either fundamentally limited in the image quality that can be achieved or they require extremely high-speed spatial light modulators. We describe a new \'etendue expansion approach that combines multiple coherent sources with content-adaptive amplitude modulation of the hologram spectrum in the Fourier plane. To generate time-multiplexed phase and amplitude patterns for our spatial light modulators, we devise a pupil-aware gradient-descent-based computer-generated holography algorithm that is supervised by a large-baseline target light field. Compared with relevant baseline approaches, our method demonstrates significant improvements in image quality and \'etendue in simulation and with an experimental holographic display prototype.

A Survey on Employing Large Language Models for Text-to-SQL Tasks

The increasing volume of data stored in relational databases has led to the need for efficient querying and utilization of this data in various sectors. However, writing SQL queries requires specialized knowledge, which poses a challenge for non-professional users trying to access and query databases. Text-to-SQL parsing solves this issue by converting natural language queries into SQL queries, thus making database access more accessible for non-expert users. To take advantage of the recent developments in Large Language Models (LLMs), a range of new methods have emerged, with a primary focus on prompt engineering and fine-tuning. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of LLMs in text-to-SQL tasks, discussing benchmark datasets, prompt engineering, fine-tuning methods, and future research directions. We hope this review will enable readers to gain a broader understanding of the recent advances in this field and offer some insights into its future trajectory.

Anonymization Prompt Learning for Facial Privacy-Preserving Text-to-Image Generation

Text-to-image diffusion models, such as Stable Diffusion, generate highly realistic images from text descriptions. However, the generation of certain content at such high quality raises concerns. A prominent issue is the accurate depiction of identifiable facial images, which could lead to malicious deepfake generation and privacy violations. In this paper, we propose Anonymization Prompt Learning (APL) to address this problem. Specifically, we train a learnable prompt prefix for text-to-image diffusion models, which forces the model to generate anonymized facial identities, even when prompted to produce images of specific individuals. Extensive quantitative and qualitative experiments demonstrate the successful anonymization performance of APL, which anonymizes any specific individuals without compromising the quality of non-identity-specific image generation. Furthermore, we reveal the plug-and-play property of the learned prompt prefix, enabling its effective application across different pretrained text-to-image models for transferrable privacy and security protection against the risks of deepfakes.

Real Face Foundation Representation Learning for Generalized Deepfake Detection

The emergence of deepfake technologies has become a matter of social concern as they pose threats to individual privacy and public security. It is now of great significance to develop reliable deepfake detectors. However, with numerous face manipulation algorithms present, it is almost impossible to collect sufficient representative fake faces, and it is hard for existing detectors to generalize to all types of manipulation. Therefore, we turn to learn the distribution of real faces, and indirectly identify fake images that deviate from the real face distribution. In this study, we propose Real Face Foundation Representation Learning (RFFR), which aims to learn a general representation from large-scale real face datasets and detect potential artifacts outside the distribution of RFFR. Specifically, we train a model on real face datasets by masked image modeling (MIM), which results in a discrepancy between input faces and the reconstructed ones when applying the model on fake samples. This discrepancy reveals the low-level artifacts not contained in RFFR, making it easier to build a deepfake detector sensitive to all kinds of potential artifacts outside the distribution of RFFR. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method brings about better generalization performance, as it significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in cross-manipulation evaluations, and has the potential to further improve by introducing extra real faces for training RFFR.

Computational Discovery of Microstructured Composites with Optimal Strength-Toughness Trade-Offs

The conflict between strength and toughness is a fundamental problem in engineering materials design. However, systematic discovery of microstructured composites with optimal strength-toughness trade-offs has never been demonstrated due to the discrepancies between simulation and reality and the lack of data-efficient exploration of the entire Pareto front. Here, we report a widely applicable pipeline harnessing physical experiments, numerical simulations, and artificial neural networks to efficiently discover microstructured designs that are simultaneously tough and strong. Using a physics-based simulator with moderate complexity, our strategy runs a data-driven proposal-validation workflow in a nested-loop fashion to bridge the gap between simulation and reality in high sample efficiency. Without any prescribed expert knowledge of materials design, our approach automatically identifies existing toughness enhancement mechanisms that were traditionally discovered through trial-and-error or biomimicry. We provide a blueprint for the computational discovery of optimal designs, which inverts traditional scientific approaches, and is applicable to a wide range of research problems beyond composites, including polymer chemistry, fluid dynamics, meteorology, and robotics.

MSRL: Distributed Reinforcement Learning with Dataflow Fragments

Reinforcement learning~(RL) trains many agents, which is resource-intensive and must scale to large GPU clusters. Different RL training algorithms offer different opportunities for distributing and parallelising the computation. Yet, current distributed RL systems tie the definition of RL algorithms to their distributed execution: they hard-code particular distribution strategies and only accelerate specific parts of the computation (e.g. policy network updates) on GPU workers. Fundamentally, current systems lack abstractions that decouple RL algorithms from their execution. We describe MindSpore Reinforcement Learning (MSRL), a distributed RL training system that supports distribution policies that govern how RL training computation is parallelised and distributed on cluster resources, without requiring changes to the algorithm implementation. MSRL introduces the new abstraction of a fragmented dataflow graph, which maps Python functions from an RL algorithm's training loop to parallel computational fragments. Fragments are executed on different devices by translating them to low-level dataflow representations, e.g. computational graphs as supported by deep learning engines, CUDA implementations or multi-threaded CPU processes. We show that MSRL subsumes the distribution strategies of existing systems, while scaling RL training to 64 GPUs.