Explainable Transformer Prototypes for Medical Diagnoses

Deployments of artificial intelligence in medical diagnostics mandate not just accuracy and efficacy but also trust, emphasizing the need for explainability in machine decisions. The recent trend in automated medical image diagnostics leans towards the deployment of Transformer-based architectures, credited to their impressive capabilities. Since the self-attention feature of transformers contributes towards identifying crucial regions during the classification process, they enhance the trustability of the methods. However, the complex intricacies of these attention mechanisms may fall short of effectively pinpointing the regions of interest directly influencing AI decisions. Our research endeavors to innovate a unique attention block that underscores the correlation between 'regions' rather than 'pixels'. To address this challenge, we introduce an innovative system grounded in prototype learning, featuring an advanced self-attention mechanism that goes beyond conventional ad-hoc visual explanation techniques by offering comprehensible visual insights. A combined quantitative and qualitative methodological approach was used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method on the large-scale NIH chest X-ray dataset. Experimental results showed that our proposed method offers a promising direction for explainability, which can lead to the development of more trustable systems, which can facilitate easier and rapid adoption of such technology into routine clinics. The code is available at www.github.com/NUBagcilab/r2r_proto.

EMIT-Diff: Enhancing Medical Image Segmentation via Text-Guided Diffusion Model

Large-scale, big-variant, and high-quality data are crucial for developing robust and successful deep-learning models for medical applications since they potentially enable better generalization performance and avoid overfitting. However, the scarcity of high-quality labeled data always presents significant challenges. This paper proposes a novel approach to address this challenge by developing controllable diffusion models for medical image synthesis, called EMIT-Diff. We leverage recent diffusion probabilistic models to generate realistic and diverse synthetic medical image data that preserve the essential characteristics of the original medical images by incorporating edge information of objects to guide the synthesis process. In our approach, we ensure that the synthesized samples adhere to medically relevant constraints and preserve the underlying structure of imaging data. Due to the random sampling process by the diffusion model, we can generate an arbitrary number of synthetic images with diverse appearances. To validate the effectiveness of our proposed method, we conduct an extensive set of medical image segmentation experiments on multiple datasets, including Ultrasound breast (+13.87%), CT spleen (+0.38%), and MRI prostate (+7.78%), achieving significant improvements over the baseline segmentation methods. For the first time, to our best knowledge, the promising results demonstrate the effectiveness of our EMIT-Diff for medical image segmentation tasks and show the feasibility of introducing a first-ever text-guided diffusion model for general medical image segmentation tasks. With carefully designed ablation experiments, we investigate the influence of various data augmentation ratios, hyper-parameter settings, patch size for generating random merging mask settings, and combined influence with different network architectures.

Radiomics Boosts Deep Learning Model for IPMN Classification

Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm (IPMN) cysts are pre-malignant pancreas lesions, and they can progress into pancreatic cancer. Therefore, detecting and stratifying their risk level is of ultimate importance for effective treatment planning and disease control. However, this is a highly challenging task because of the diverse and irregular shape, texture, and size of the IPMN cysts as well as the pancreas. In this study, we propose a novel computer-aided diagnosis pipeline for IPMN risk classification from multi-contrast MRI scans. Our proposed analysis framework includes an efficient volumetric self-adapting segmentation strategy for pancreas delineation, followed by a newly designed deep learning-based classification scheme with a radiomics-based predictive approach. We test our proposed decision-fusion model in multi-center data sets of 246 multi-contrast MRI scans and obtain superior performance to the state of the art (SOTA) in this field. Our ablation studies demonstrate the significance of both radiomics and deep learning modules for achieving the new SOTA performance compared to international guidelines and published studies (81.9\% vs 61.3\% in accuracy). Our findings have important implications for clinical decision-making. In a series of rigorous experiments on multi-center data sets (246 MRI scans from five centers), we achieved unprecedented performance (81.9\% accuracy).

Ensuring Trustworthy Medical Artificial Intelligence through Ethical and Philosophical Principles

Artificial intelligence (AI) methods have great potential to revolutionize numerous medical care by enhancing the experience of medical experts and patients. AI based computer-assisted diagnosis tools can have a tremendous benefit if they can outperform or perform similarly to the level of a clinical expert. As a result, advanced healthcare services can be affordable in developing nations, and the problem of a lack of expert medical practitioners can be addressed. AI based tools can save time, resources, and overall cost for patient treatment. Furthermore, in contrast to humans, AI can uncover complex relations in the data from a large set of inputs and even lead to new evidence-based knowledge in medicine. However, integrating AI in healthcare raises several ethical and philosophical concerns, such as bias, transparency, autonomy, responsibility and accountability, which must be addressed before integrating such tools into clinical settings. In this article, we emphasize recent advances in AI-assisted medical image analysis, existing standards, and the significance of comprehending ethical issues and best practices for the applications of AI in clinical settings. We cover the technical and ethical challenges of AI and the implications of deploying AI in hospitals and public organizations. We also discuss promising key measures and techniques to address the ethical challenges, data scarcity, racial bias, lack of transparency, and algorithmic bias. Finally, we provide our recommendation and future directions for addressing the ethical challenges associated with AI in healthcare applications, with the goal of deploying AI into the clinical settings to make the workflow more efficient, accurate, accessible, transparent, and reliable for the patient worldwide.

Ensuring Trustworthy Medical Artificial Intelligencethrough Ethical and Philosophical Principles

Artificial intelligence (AI) methods have great potential to revolutionize numerous medical care by enhancing the experience of medical experts and patients. AI based computer-assisted diagnosis tools can have a tremendous benefit if they can outperform or perform similarly to the level of a clinical expert. As a result, advanced healthcare services can be affordable in developing nations, and the problem of a lack of expert medical practitioners can be addressed. AI based tools can save time, resources, and overall cost for patient treatment. Furthermore, in contrast to humans, AI can uncover complex relations in the data from a large set of inputs and even lead to new evidence-based knowledge in medicine. However, integrating AI in healthcare raises several ethical and philosophical concerns, such as bias, transparency, autonomy, responsibility and accountability, which must be addressed before integrating such tools into clinical settings. In this article, we emphasize recent advances in AI-assisted medical image analysis, existing standards, and the significance of comprehending ethical issues and best practices for the applications of AI in clinical settings. We cover the technical and ethical challenges of AI and the implications of deploying AI in hospitals and public organizations. We also discuss promising key measures and techniques to address the ethical challenges, data scarcity, racial bias, lack of transparency, and algorithmic bias. Finally, we provide our recommendation and future directions for addressing the ethical challenges associated with AI in healthcare applications, with the goal of deploying AI into the clinical settings to make the workflow more efficient, accurate, accessible, transparent, and reliable for the patient worldwide.

Selecting the Best Optimizers for Deep Learning based Medical Image Segmentation

The goal of this work is to identify the best optimizers for deep learning in the context of cardiac image segmentation and to provide guidance on how to design segmentation networks with effective optimization strategies. Adaptive learning helps with fast convergence by starting with a larger learning rate (LR) and gradually decreasing it. Momentum optimizers are particularly effective at quickly optimizing neural networks within the accelerated schemes category. By revealing the potential interplay between these two types of algorithms (LR and momentum optimizers or momentum rate (MR) in short), in this article, we explore the two variants of SGD algorithms in a single setting. We suggest using cyclic learning as the base optimizer and integrating optimal values of learning rate and momentum rate. We investigated the relationship of LR and MR under an important problem of medical image segmentation of cardiac structures from MRI and CT scans. We conducted experiments using the cardiac imaging dataset from the ACDC challenge of MICCAI 2017, and four different architectures shown to be successful for cardiac image segmentation problems. Our comprehensive evaluations demonstrated that the proposed optimizer achieved better results (over a 2\% improvement in the dice metric) than other optimizers in deep learning literature with similar or lower computational cost in both single and multi-object segmentation settings. We hypothesized that combination of accelerated and adaptive optimization methods can have a drastic effect in medical image segmentation performances. To this end, we proposed a new cyclic optimization method (\textit{CLMR}) to address the efficiency and accuracy problems in deep learning based medical image segmentation. The proposed strategy yielded better generalization in comparison to adaptive optimizers.

The Past, Current, and Future of Neonatal Intensive Care Units with Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI), specifically a branch of AI called deep learning (DL), has proven revolutionary developments in almost all fields, from computer vision to health sciences, and its effects in medicine have changed clinical applications significantly. Although some sub-fields of medicine such as pediatrics have been relatively slow in receiving critical benefits of AI, related research in pediatrics started to be accumulated to a significant level too. Hence, in this paper, we review recently developed machine learning and deep learning based systems for neonatology applications. We systematically evaluate the role of AI in neonatology applications, define the methodologies, including algorithmic developments, and describe the remaining challenges in neonatal diseases. To date, survival analysis, neuroimaging, EEG, pattern analysis of vital parameters, and retinopathy of prematurity diagnosis with AI have been the main focus in neonatology. We have categorically summarized 96 research articles, from 1996 to 2022, and discussed their pros and cons, respectively. We also discuss possible directions for new AI models and the future of neonatology with the rising power of AI, suggesting roadmaps for integration of AI into neonatal intensive care units.

A Critical Appraisal of Data Augmentation Methods for Imaging-Based Medical Diagnosis Applications

Current data augmentation techniques and transformations are well suited for improving the size and quality of natural image datasets but are not yet optimized for medical imaging. We hypothesize that sub-optimal data augmentations can easily distort or occlude medical images, leading to false positives or negatives during patient diagnosis, prediction, or therapy/surgery evaluation. In our experimental results, we found that utilizing commonly used intensity-based data augmentation distorts the MRI scans and leads to texture information loss, thus negatively affecting the overall performance of classification. Additionally, we observed that commonly used data augmentation methods cannot be used with a plug-and-play approach in medical imaging, and requires manual tuning and adjustment.

An Efficient Multi-Scale Fusion Network for 3D Organ at Risk (OAR) Segmentation

Accurate segmentation of organs-at-risks (OARs) is a precursor for optimizing radiation therapy planning. Existing deep learning-based multi-scale fusion architectures have demonstrated a tremendous capacity for 2D medical image segmentation. The key to their success is aggregating global context and maintaining high resolution representations. However, when translated into 3D segmentation problems, existing multi-scale fusion architectures might underperform due to their heavy computation overhead and substantial data diet. To address this issue, we propose a new OAR segmentation framework, called OARFocalFuseNet, which fuses multi-scale features and employs focal modulation for capturing global-local context across multiple scales. Each resolution stream is enriched with features from different resolution scales, and multi-scale information is aggregated to model diverse contextual ranges. As a result, feature representations are further boosted. The comprehensive comparisons in our experimental setup with OAR segmentation as well as multi-organ segmentation show that our proposed OARFocalFuseNet outperforms the recent state-of-the-art methods on publicly available OpenKBP datasets and Synapse multi-organ segmentation. Both of the proposed methods (3D-MSF and OARFocalFuseNet) showed promising performance in terms of standard evaluation metrics. Our best performing method (OARFocalFuseNet) obtained a dice coefficient of 0.7995 and hausdorff distance of 5.1435 on OpenKBP datasets and dice coefficient of 0.8137 on Synapse multi-organ segmentation dataset.