A CNN regression model to estimate buildings height maps using Sentinel-1 SAR and Sentinel-2 MSI time series

Accurate estimation of building heights is essential for urban planning, infrastructure management, and environmental analysis. In this study, we propose a supervised Multimodal Building Height Regression Network (MBHR-Net) for estimating building heights at 10m spatial resolution using Sentinel-1 (S1) and Sentinel-2 (S2) satellite time series. S1 provides Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data that offers valuable information on building structures, while S2 provides multispectral data that is sensitive to different land cover types, vegetation phenology, and building shadows. Our MBHR-Net aims to extract meaningful features from the S1 and S2 images to learn complex spatio-temporal relationships between image patterns and building heights. The model is trained and tested in 10 cities in the Netherlands. Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Intersection over Union (IOU), and R-squared (R2) score metrics are used to evaluate the performance of the model. The preliminary results (3.73m RMSE, 0.95 IoU, 0.61 R2) demonstrate the effectiveness of our deep learning model in accurately estimating building heights, showcasing its potential for urban planning, environmental impact analysis, and other related applications.

Context-Aware Change Detection With Semi-Supervised Learning

Change detection using earth observation data plays a vital role in quantifying the impact of disasters in affected areas. While data sources like Sentinel-2 provide rich optical information, they are often hindered by cloud cover, limiting their usage in disaster scenarios. However, leveraging pre-disaster optical data can offer valuable contextual information about the area such as landcover type, vegetation cover, soil types, enabling a better understanding of the disaster's impact. In this study, we develop a model to assess the contribution of pre-disaster Sentinel-2 data in change detection tasks, focusing on disaster-affected areas. The proposed Context-Aware Change Detection Network (CACDN) utilizes a combination of pre-disaster Sentinel-2 data, pre and post-disaster Sentinel-1 data and ancillary Digital Elevation Models (DEM) data. The model is validated on flood and landslide detection and evaluated using three metrics: Area Under the Precision-Recall Curve (AUPRC), Intersection over Union (IoU), and mean IoU. The preliminary results show significant improvement (4\%, AUPRC, 3-7\% IoU, 3-6\% mean IoU) in model's change detection capabilities when incorporated with pre-disaster optical data reflecting the effectiveness of using contextual information for accurate flood and landslide detection.

Multi-Modal Deep Learning for Multi-Temporal Urban Mapping With a Partly Missing Optical Modality

This paper proposes a novel multi-temporal urban mapping approach using multi-modal satellite data from the Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) missions. In particular, it focuses on the problem of a partly missing optical modality due to clouds. The proposed model utilizes two networks to extract features from each modality separately. In addition, a reconstruction network is utilized to approximate the optical features based on the SAR data in case of a missing optical modality. Our experiments on a multi-temporal urban mapping dataset with Sentinel-1 SAR and Sentinel-2 MSI data demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms a multi-modal approach that uses zero values as a replacement for missing optical data, as well as a uni-modal SAR-based approach. Therefore, the proposed method is effective in exploiting multi-modal data, if available, but it also retains its effectiveness in case the optical modality is missing.

Investigating Imbalances Between SAR and Optical Utilization for Multi-Modal Urban Mapping

Accurate urban maps provide essential information to support sustainable urban development. Recent urban mapping methods use multi-modal deep neural networks to fuse Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and optical data. However, multi-modal networks may rely on just one modality due to the greedy nature of learning. In turn, the imbalanced utilization of modalities can negatively affect the generalization ability of a network. In this paper, we investigate the utilization of SAR and optical data for urban mapping. To that end, a dual-branch network architecture using intermediate fusion modules to share information between the uni-modal branches is utilized. A cut-off mechanism in the fusion modules enables the stopping of information flow between the branches, which is used to estimate the network's dependence on SAR and optical data. While our experiments on the SEN12 Global Urban Mapping dataset show that good performance can be achieved with conventional SAR-optical data fusion (F1 score = 0.682 $\pm$ 0.014), we also observed a clear under-utilization of optical data. Therefore, future work is required to investigate whether a more balanced utilization of SAR and optical data can lead to performance improvements.

Mapping Urban Population Growth from Sentinel-2 MSI and Census Data Using Deep Learning: A Case Study in Kigali, Rwanda

To better understand current trends of urban population growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, high-quality spatiotemporal population estimates are necessary. While the joint use of remote sensing and deep learning has achieved promising results for population distribution estimation, most of the current work focuses on fine-scale spatial predictions derived from single date census, thereby neglecting temporal analyses. In this work, we focus on evaluating how deep learning change detection techniques can unravel temporal population dynamics at short intervals. Since Post-Classification Comparison (PCC) methods for change detection are known to propagate the error of the individual maps, we propose an end-to-end population growth mapping method. Specifically, a ResNet encoder, pretrained on a population mapping task with Sentinel-2 MSI data, was incorporated into a Siamese network. The Siamese network was trained at the census level to accurately predict population change. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated in Kigali, Rwanda, for the time period 2016-2020, using bi-temporal Sentinel-2 data. Compared to PCC, the Siamese network greatly reduced errors in population change predictions at the census level. These results show promise for future remote sensing-based population growth mapping endeavors.

Unsupervised Flood Detection on SAR Time Series

Human civilization has an increasingly powerful influence on the earth system. Affected by climate change and land-use change, natural disasters such as flooding have been increasing in recent years. Earth observations are an invaluable source for assessing and mitigating negative impacts. Detecting changes from Earth observation data is one way to monitor the possible impact. Effective and reliable Change Detection (CD) methods can help in identifying the risk of disaster events at an early stage. In this work, we propose a novel unsupervised CD method on time series Synthetic Aperture Radar~(SAR) data. Our proposed method is a probabilistic model trained with unsupervised learning techniques, reconstruction, and contrastive learning. The change map is generated with the help of the distribution difference between pre-incident and post-incident data. Our proposed CD model is evaluated on flood detection data. We verified the efficacy of our model on 8 different flood sites, including three recent flood events from Copernicus Emergency Management Services and six from the Sen1Floods11 dataset. Our proposed model achieved an average of 64.53\% Intersection Over Union(IoU) value and 75.43\% F1 score. Our achieved IoU score is approximately 6-27\% and F1 score is approximately 7-22\% better than the compared unsupervised and supervised existing CD methods. The results and extensive discussion presented in the study show the effectiveness of the proposed unsupervised CD method.

Building Change Detection using Multi-Temporal Airborne LiDAR Data

Building change detection is essential for monitoring urbanization, disaster assessment, urban planning and frequently updating the maps. 3D structure information from airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is very effective for detecting urban changes. But the 3D point cloud from airborne LiDAR(ALS) holds an enormous amount of unordered and irregularly sparse information. Handling such data is tricky and consumes large memory for processing. Most of this information is not necessary when we are looking for a particular type of urban change. In this study, we propose an automatic method that reduces the 3D point clouds into a much smaller representation without losing the necessary information required for detecting Building changes. The method utilizes the Deep Learning(DL) model U-Net for segmenting the buildings from the background. Produced segmentation maps are then processed further for detecting changes and the results are refined using morphological methods. For the change detection task, we used multi-temporal airborne LiDAR data. The data is acquired over Stockholm in the years 2017 and 2019. The changes in buildings are classified into four types: 'newly built', 'demolished', 'taller' and 'shorter'. The detected changes are visualized in one map for better interpretation.

Urban Change Detection Using a Dual-Task Siamese Network and Semi-Supervised Learning

In this study, a Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) method for improving urban change detection from bi-temporal image pairs was presented. The proposed method adapted a Dual-Task Siamese Difference network that not only predicts changes with the difference decoder, but also segments buildings for both images with a semantics decoder. First, the architecture was modified to produce a second change prediction derived from the semantics predictions. Second, SSL was adopted to improve supervised change detection. For unlabeled data, we introduced a loss that encourages the network to predict consistent changes across the two change outputs. The proposed method was tested on urban change detection using the SpaceNet7 dataset. SSL achieved improved results compared to three fully supervised benchmarks.

Attentive Dual Stream Siamese U-net for Flood Detection on Multi-temporal Sentinel-1 Data

Due to climate and land-use change, natural disasters such as flooding have been increasing in recent years. Timely and reliable flood detection and mapping can help emergency response and disaster management. In this work, we propose a flood detection network using bi-temporal SAR acquisitions. The proposed segmentation network has an encoder-decoder architecture with two Siamese encoders for pre and post-flood images. The network's feature maps are fused and enhanced using attention blocks to achieve more accurate detection of the flooded areas. Our proposed network is evaluated on publicly available Sen1Flood11 benchmark dataset. The network outperformed the existing state-of-the-art (uni-temporal) flood detection method by 6\% IOU. The experiments highlight that the combination of bi-temporal SAR data with an effective network architecture achieves more accurate flood detection than uni-temporal methods.