Is Open-Source There Yet? A Comparative Study on Commercial and Open-Source LLMs in Their Ability to Label Chest X-Ray Reports

Introduction: With the rapid advances in large language models (LLMs), there have been numerous new open source as well as commercial models. While recent publications have explored GPT-4 in its application to extracting information of interest from radiology reports, there has not been a real-world comparison of GPT-4 to different leading open-source models. Materials and Methods: Two different and independent datasets were used. The first dataset consists of 540 chest x-ray reports that were created at the Massachusetts General Hospital between July 2019 and July 2021. The second dataset consists of 500 chest x-ray reports from the ImaGenome dataset. We then compared the commercial models GPT-3.5 Turbo and GPT-4 from OpenAI to the open-source models Mistral-7B, Mixtral-8x7B, Llama2-13B, Llama2-70B, QWEN1.5-72B and CheXbert and CheXpert-labeler in their ability to accurately label the presence of multiple findings in x-ray text reports using different prompting techniques. Results: On the ImaGenome dataset, the best performing open-source model was Llama2-70B with micro F1-scores of 0.972 and 0.970 for zero- and few-shot prompts, respectively. GPT-4 achieved micro F1-scores of 0.975 and 0.984, respectively. On the institutional dataset, the best performing open-source model was QWEN1.5-72B with micro F1-scores of 0.952 and 0.965 for zero- and few-shot prompting, respectively. GPT-4 achieved micro F1-scores of 0.975 and 0.973, respectively. Conclusion: In this paper, we show that while GPT-4 is superior to open-source models in zero-shot report labeling, the implementation of few-shot prompting can bring open-source models on par with GPT-4. This shows that open-source models could be a performant and privacy preserving alternative to GPT-4 for the task of radiology report classification.

Anisotropic Fanning Aware Low-Rank Tensor Approximation Based Tractography

Low-rank higher-order tensor approximation has been used successfully to extract discrete directions for tractography from continuous fiber orientation density functions (fODFs). However, while it accounts for fiber crossings, it has so far ignored fanning, which has led to incomplete reconstructions. In this work, we integrate an anisotropic model of fanning based on the Bingham distribution into a recently proposed tractography method that performs low-rank approximation with an Unscented Kalman Filter. Our technical contributions include an initialization scheme for the new parameters, which is based on the Hessian of the low-rank approximation, pre-integration of the required convolution integrals to reduce the computational effort, and representation of the required 3D rotations with quaternions. Results on 12 subjects from the Human Connectome Project confirm that, in almost all considered tracts, our extended model significantly increases completeness of the reconstruction, while reducing excess, at acceptable additional computational cost. Its results are also more accurate than those from a simpler, isotropic fanning model that is based on Watson distributions.

Combining Image Space and q-Space PDEs for Lossless Compression of Diffusion MR Images

Diffusion MRI is a modern neuroimaging modality with a unique ability to acquire microstructural information by measuring water self-diffusion at the voxel level. However, it generates huge amounts of data, resulting from a large number of repeated 3D scans. Each volume samples a location in q-space, indicating the direction and strength of a diffusion sensitizing gradient during the measurement. This captures detailed information about the self-diffusion, and the tissue microstructure that restricts it. Lossless compression with GZIP is widely used to reduce the memory requirements. We introduce a novel lossless codec for diffusion MRI data. It reduces file sizes by more than 30% compared to GZIP, and also beats lossless codecs from the JPEG family. Our codec builds on recent work on lossless PDE-based compression of 3D medical images, but additionally exploits smoothness in q-space. We demonstrate that, compared to using only image space PDEs, q-space PDEs further improve compression rates. Moreover, implementing them with Finite Element Methods and a custom acceleration significantly reduces computational expense. Finally, we show that our codec clearly benefits from integrating subject motion correction, and slightly from optimizing the order in which the 3D volumes are coded.

Federated Learning for Breast Density Classification: A Real-World Implementation

Building robust deep learning-based models requires large quantities of diverse training data. In this study, we investigate the use of federated learning (FL) to build medical imaging classification models in a real-world collaborative setting. Seven clinical institutions from across the world joined this FL effort to train a model for breast density classification based on Breast Imaging, Reporting & Data System (BI-RADS). We show that despite substantial differences among the datasets from all sites (mammography system, class distribution, and data set size) and without centralizing data, we can successfully train AI models in federation. The results show that models trained using FL perform 6.3% on average better than their counterparts trained on an institute's local data alone. Furthermore, we show a 45.8% relative improvement in the models' generalizability when evaluated on the other participating sites' testing data.

Fourth-Order Anisotropic Diffusion for Inpainting and Image Compression

Edge-enhancing diffusion (EED) can reconstruct a close approximation of an original image from a small subset of its pixels. This makes it an attractive foundation for PDE based image compression. In this work, we generalize second-order EED to a fourth-order counterpart. It involves a fourth-order diffusion tensor that is constructed from the regularized image gradient in a similar way as in traditional second-order EED, permitting diffusion along edges, while applying a non-linear diffusivity function across them. We show that our fourth-order diffusion tensor formalism provides a unifying framework for all previous anisotropic fourth-order diffusion based methods, and that it provides additional flexibility. We achieve an efficient implementation using a fast semi-iterative scheme. Experimental results on natural and medical images suggest that our novel fourth-order method produces more accurate reconstructions compared to the existing second-order EED.

Classification on Large Networks: A Quantitative Bound via Motifs and Graphons

When each data point is a large graph, graph statistics such as densities of certain subgraphs (motifs) can be used as feature vectors for machine learning. While intuitive, motif counts are expensive to compute and difficult to work with theoretically. Via graphon theory, we give an explicit quantitative bound for the ability of motif homomorphisms to distinguish large networks under both generative and sampling noise. Furthermore, we give similar bounds for the graph spectrum and connect it to homomorphism densities of cycles. This results in an easily computable classifier on graph data with theoretical performance guarantee. Our method yields competitive results on classification tasks for the autoimmune disease Lupus Erythematosus.

Multi-Scale Anisotropic Fourth-Order Diffusion Improves Ridge and Valley Localization

Ridge and valley enhancing filters are widely used in applications such as vessel detection in medical image computing. When images are degraded by noise or include vessels at different scales, such filters are an essential step for meaningful and stable vessel localization. In this work, we propose a novel multi-scale anisotropic fourth-order diffusion equation that allows us to smooth along vessels, while sharpening them in the orthogonal direction. The proposed filter uses a fourth order diffusion tensor whose eigentensors and eigenvalues are determined from the local Hessian matrix, at a scale that is automatically selected for each pixel. We discuss efficient implementation using a Fast Explicit Diffusion scheme and demonstrate results on synthetic images and vessels in fundus images. Compared to previous isotropic and anisotropic fourth-order filters, as well as established second-order vessel enhancing filters, our newly proposed one better restores the centerlines in all cases.

Fuzzy Fibers: Uncertainty in dMRI Tractography

Fiber tracking based on diffusion weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (dMRI) allows for noninvasive reconstruction of fiber bundles in the human brain. In this chapter, we discuss sources of error and uncertainty in this technique, and review strategies that afford a more reliable interpretation of the results. This includes methods for computing and rendering probabilistic tractograms, which estimate precision in the face of measurement noise and artifacts. However, we also address aspects that have received less attention so far, such as model selection, partial voluming, and the impact of parameters, both in preprocessing and in fiber tracking itself. We conclude by giving impulses for future research.