Reversed Image Signal Processing and RAW Reconstruction. AIM 2022 Challenge Report

Cameras capture sensor RAW images and transform them into pleasant RGB images, suitable for the human eyes, using their integrated Image Signal Processor (ISP). Numerous low-level vision tasks operate in the RAW domain (e.g. image denoising, white balance) due to its linear relationship with the scene irradiance, wide-range of information at 12bits, and sensor designs. Despite this, RAW image datasets are scarce and more expensive to collect than the already large and public RGB datasets. This paper introduces the AIM 2022 Challenge on Reversed Image Signal Processing and RAW Reconstruction. We aim to recover raw sensor images from the corresponding RGBs without metadata and, by doing this, "reverse" the ISP transformation. The proposed methods and benchmark establish the state-of-the-art for this low-level vision inverse problem, and generating realistic raw sensor readings can potentially benefit other tasks such as denoising and super-resolution.

Privacy of federated QR decomposition using additive secure multiparty computation

Federated learning (FL) is a privacy-aware data mining strategy keeping the private data on the owners' machine and thereby confidential. The clients compute local models and send them to an aggregator which computes a global model. In hybrid FL, the local parameters are additionally masked using secure aggregation, such that only the global aggregated statistics become available in clear text, not the client specific updates. Federated QR decomposition has not been studied extensively in the context of cross-silo federated learning. In this article, we investigate the suitability of three QR decomposition algorithms for cross-silo FL and suggest a privacy-aware QR decomposition scheme based on the Gram-Schmidt algorithm which does not blatantly leak raw data. We apply the algorithm to compute linear regression in a federated manner.

DRHDR: A Dual branch Residual Network for Multi-Bracket High Dynamic Range Imaging

We introduce DRHDR, a Dual branch Residual Convolutional Neural Network for Multi-Bracket HDR Imaging. To address the challenges of fusing multiple brackets from dynamic scenes, we propose an efficient dual branch network that operates on two different resolutions. The full resolution branch uses a Deformable Convolutional Block to align features and retain high-frequency details. A low resolution branch with a Spatial Attention Block aims to attend wanted areas from the non-reference brackets, and suppress displaced features that could incur on ghosting artifacts. By using a dual branch approach we are able to achieve high quality results while constraining the computational resources required to estimate the HDR results.

NTIRE 2022 Challenge on High Dynamic Range Imaging: Methods and Results

This paper reviews the challenge on constrained high dynamic range (HDR) imaging that was part of the New Trends in Image Restoration and Enhancement (NTIRE) workshop, held in conjunction with CVPR 2022. This manuscript focuses on the competition set-up, datasets, the proposed methods and their results. The challenge aims at estimating an HDR image from multiple respective low dynamic range (LDR) observations, which might suffer from under- or over-exposed regions and different sources of noise. The challenge is composed of two tracks with an emphasis on fidelity and complexity constraints: In Track 1, participants are asked to optimize objective fidelity scores while imposing a low-complexity constraint (i.e. solutions can not exceed a given number of operations). In Track 2, participants are asked to minimize the complexity of their solutions while imposing a constraint on fidelity scores (i.e. solutions are required to obtain a higher fidelity score than the prescribed baseline). Both tracks use the same data and metrics: Fidelity is measured by means of PSNR with respect to a ground-truth HDR image (computed both directly and with a canonical tonemapping operation), while complexity metrics include the number of Multiply-Accumulate (MAC) operations and runtime (in seconds).

Federated singular value decomposition for high dimensional data

Federated learning (FL) is emerging as a privacy-aware alternative to classical cloud-based machine learning. In FL, the sensitive data remains in data silos and only aggregated parameters are exchanged. Hospitals and research institutions which are not willing to share their data can join a federated study without breaching confidentiality. In addition to the extreme sensitivity of biomedical data, the high dimensionality poses a challenge in the context of federated genome-wide association studies (GWAS). In this article, we present a federated singular value decomposition (SVD) algorithm, suitable for the privacy-related and computational requirements of GWAS. Notably, the algorithm has a transmission cost independent of the number of samples and is only weakly dependent on the number of features, because the singular vectors associated with the samples are never exchanged and the vectors associated with the features only for a fixed number of iterations. Although motivated by GWAS, the algorithm is generically applicable for both horizontally and vertically partitioned data.

The FeatureCloud AI Store for Federated Learning in Biomedicine and Beyond

Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have shown promising results in many areas and are driven by the increasing amount of available data. However, this data is often distributed across different institutions and cannot be shared due to privacy concerns. Privacy-preserving methods, such as Federated Learning (FL), allow for training ML models without sharing sensitive data, but their implementation is time-consuming and requires advanced programming skills. Here, we present the FeatureCloud AI Store for FL as an all-in-one platform for biomedical research and other applications. It removes large parts of this complexity for developers and end-users by providing an extensible AI Store with a collection of ready-to-use apps. We show that the federated apps produce similar results to centralized ML, scale well for a typical number of collaborators and can be combined with Secure Multiparty Computation (SMPC), thereby making FL algorithms safely and easily applicable in biomedical and clinical environments.

Privacy-preserving Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Biomedicine

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been successfully applied in numerous scientific domains including biomedicine and healthcare. Here, it has led to several breakthroughs ranging from clinical decision support systems, image analysis to whole genome sequencing. However, training an AI model on sensitive data raises also concerns about the privacy of individual participants. Adversary AIs, for example, can abuse even summary statistics of a study to determine the presence or absence of an individual in a given dataset. This has resulted in increasing restrictions to access biomedical data, which in turn is detrimental for collaborative research and impedes scientific progress. Hence there has been an explosive growth in efforts to harness the power of AI for learning from sensitive data while protecting patients' privacy. This paper provides a structured overview of recent advances in privacy-preserving AI techniques in biomedicine. It places the most important state-of-the-art approaches within a unified taxonomy, and discusses their strengths, limitations, and open problems.