Receding Horizon Re-ordering of Multi-Agent Execution Schedules

The trajectory planning for a fleet of Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) on a roadmap is commonly referred to as the Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF) problem, the solution to which dictates each AGV's spatial and temporal location until it reaches it's goal without collision. When executing MAPF plans in dynamic workspaces, AGVs can be frequently delayed, e.g., due to encounters with humans or third-party vehicles. If the remainder of the AGVs keeps following their individual plans, synchrony of the fleet is lost and some AGVs may pass through roadmap intersections in a different order than originally planned. Although this could reduce the cumulative route completion time of the AGVs, generally, a change in the original ordering can cause conflicts such as deadlocks. In practice, synchrony is therefore often enforced by using a MAPF execution policy employing, e.g., an Action Dependency Graph (ADG) to maintain ordering. To safely re-order without introducing deadlocks, we present the concept of the Switchable Action Dependency Graph (SADG). Using the SADG, we formulate a comparatively low-dimensional Mixed-Integer Linear Program (MILP) that repeatedly re-orders AGVs in a recursively feasible manner, thus maintaining deadlock-free guarantees, while dynamically minimizing the cumulative route completion time of all AGVs. Various simulations validate the efficiency of our approach when compared to the original ADG method as well as robust MAPF solution approaches.

An Industrial Perspective on Multi-Agent Decision Making for Interoperable Robot Navigation following the VDA5050 Standard

This paper provides a perspective on the literature and current challenges in Multi-Agent Systems for interoperable robot navigation in industry. The focus is on the multi-agent decision stack for Autonomous Mobile Robots operating in mixed environments with humans, manually driven vehicles, and legacy Automated Guided Vehicles. We provide typical characteristics of such Multi-Agent Systems observed today and how these are expected to change on the short term due to the new standard VDA5050 and the interoperability framework OpenRMF. We present recent changes in fleet management standards and the role of open middleware frameworks like ROS2 reaching industrial-grade quality. Approaches to increase the robustness and performance of multi-robot navigation systems for transportation are discussed, and research opportunities are derived.

The e-Bike Motor Assembly: Towards Advanced Robotic Manipulation for Flexible Manufacturing

Robotic manipulation is currently undergoing a profound paradigm shift due to the increasing needs for flexible manufacturing systems, and at the same time, because of the advances in enabling technologies such as sensing, learning, optimization, and hardware. This demands for robots that can observe and reason about their workspace, and that are skillfull enough to complete various assembly processes in weakly-structured settings. Moreover, it remains a great challenge to enable operators for teaching robots on-site, while managing the inherent complexity of perception, control, motion planning and reaction to unexpected situations. Motivated by real-world industrial applications, this paper demonstrates the potential of such a paradigm shift in robotics on the industrial case of an e-Bike motor assembly. The paper presents a concept for teaching and programming adaptive robots on-site and demonstrates their potential for the named applications. The framework includes: (i) a method to teach perception systems onsite in a self-supervised manner, (ii) a general representation of object-centric motion skills and force-sensitive assembly skills, both learned from demonstration, (iii) a sequencing approach that exploits a human-designed plan to perform complex tasks, and (iv) a system solution for adapting and optimizing skills online. The aforementioned components are interfaced through a four-layer software architecture that makes our framework a tangible industrial technology. To demonstrate the generality of the proposed framework, we provide, in addition to the motivating e-Bike motor assembly, a further case study on dense box packing for logistics automation.

End-to-End Learning of Hybrid Inverse Dynamics Models for Precise and Compliant Impedance Control

It is well-known that inverse dynamics models can improve tracking performance in robot control. These models need to precisely capture the robot dynamics, which consist of well-understood components, e.g., rigid body dynamics, and effects that remain challenging to capture, e.g., stick-slip friction and mechanical flexibilities. Such effects exhibit hysteresis and partial observability, rendering them, particularly challenging to model. Hence, hybrid models, which combine a physical prior with data-driven approaches are especially well-suited in this setting. We present a novel hybrid model formulation that enables us to identify fully physically consistent inertial parameters of a rigid body dynamics model which is paired with a recurrent neural network architecture, allowing us to capture unmodeled partially observable effects using the network memory. We compare our approach against state-of-the-art inverse dynamics models on a 7 degree of freedom manipulator. Using data sets obtained through an optimal experiment design approach, we study the accuracy of offline torque prediction and generalization capabilities of joint learning methods. In control experiments on the real system, we evaluate the model as a feed-forward term for impedance control and show the feedback gains can be drastically reduced to achieve a given tracking accuracy.

A caster-wheel-aware MPC-based motion planner for mobile robotics

Differential drive mobile robots often use one or more caster wheels for balance. Caster wheels are appreciated for their ability to turn in any direction almost on the spot, allowing the robot to do the same and thereby greatly simplifying the motion planning and control. However, in aligning the caster wheels to the intended direction of motion they produce a so-called bore torque. As a result, additional motor torque is required to move the robot, which may in some cases exceed the motor capacity or compromise the motion planner's accuracy. Instead of taking a decoupled approach, where the navigation and disturbance rejection algorithms are separated, we propose to embed the caster wheel awareness into the motion planner. To do so, we present a caster-wheel-aware term that is compatible with MPC-based control methods, leveraging the existence of caster wheels in the motion planning stage. As a proof of concept, this term is combined with a a model-predictive trajectory tracking controller. Since this method requires knowledge of the caster wheel angle and rolling speed, an observer that estimates these states is also presented. The efficacy of the approach is shown in experiments on an intralogistics robot and compared against a decoupled bore-torque reduction approach and a caster-wheel agnostic controller. Moreover, the experiments show that the presented caster wheel estimator performs sufficiently well and therefore avoids the need for additional sensors.

Learning Forceful Manipulation Skills from Multi-modal Human Demonstrations

Learning from Demonstration (LfD) provides an intuitive and fast approach to program robotic manipulators. Task parameterized representations allow easy adaptation to new scenes and online observations. However, this approach has been limited to pose-only demonstrations and thus only skills with spatial and temporal features. In this work, we extend the LfD framework to address forceful manipulation skills, which are of great importance for industrial processes such as assembly. For such skills, multi-modal demonstrations including robot end-effector poses, force and torque readings, and operation scene are essential. Our objective is to reproduce such skills reliably according to the demonstrated pose and force profiles within different scenes. The proposed method combines our previous work on task-parameterized optimization and attractor-based impedance control. The learned skill model consists of (i) the attractor model that unifies the pose and force features, and (ii) the stiffness model that optimizes the stiffness for different stages of the skill. Furthermore, an online execution algorithm is proposed to adapt the skill execution to real-time observations of robot poses, measured forces, and changed scenes. We validate this method rigorously on a 7-DoF robot arm over several steps of an E-bike motor assembly process, which require different types of forceful interaction such as insertion, sliding and twisting.

Action-Conditional Recurrent Kalman Networks For Forward and Inverse Dynamics Learning

Estimating accurate forward and inverse dynamics models is a crucial component of model-based control for sophisticated robots such as robots driven by hydraulics, artificial muscles, or robots dealing with different contact situations. Analytic models to such processes are often unavailable or inaccurate due to complex hysteresis effects, unmodelled friction and stiction phenomena,and unknown effects during contact situations. A promising approach is to obtain spatio-temporal models in a data-driven way using recurrent neural networks, as they can overcome those issues. However, such models often do not meet accuracy demands sufficiently, degenerate in performance for the required high sampling frequencies and cannot provide uncertainty estimates. We adopt a recent probabilistic recurrent neural network architecture, called Re-current Kalman Networks (RKNs), to model learning by conditioning its transition dynamics on the control actions. RKNs outperform standard recurrent networks such as LSTMs on many state estimation tasks. Inspired by Kalman filters, the RKN provides an elegant way to achieve action conditioning within its recurrent cell by leveraging additive interactions between the current latent state and the action variables. We present two architectures, one for forward model learning and one for inverse model learning. Both architectures significantly outperform exist-ing model learning frameworks as well as analytical models in terms of prediction performance on a variety of real robot dynamics models.