Emotions in the Loop: A Survey of Affective Computing for Emotional Support

In a world where technology is increasingly embedded in our everyday experiences, systems that sense and respond to human emotions are elevating digital interaction. At the intersection of artificial intelligence and human-computer interaction, affective computing is emerging with innovative solutions where machines are humanized by enabling them to process and respond to user emotions. This survey paper explores recent research contributions in affective computing applications in the area of emotion recognition, sentiment analysis and personality assignment developed using approaches like large language models (LLMs), multimodal techniques, and personalized AI systems. We analyze the key contributions and innovative methodologies applied by the selected research papers by categorizing them into four domains: AI chatbot applications, multimodal input systems, mental health and therapy applications, and affective computing for safety applications. We then highlight the technological strengths as well as the research gaps and challenges related to these studies. Furthermore, the paper examines the datasets used in each study, highlighting how modality, scale, and diversity impact the development and performance of affective models. Finally, the survey outlines ethical considerations and proposes future directions to develop applications that are more safe, empathetic and practical.

OODTE: A Differential Testing Engine for the ONNX Optimizer

With $700$ stars on GitHub and part of the official ONNX repository, the ONNX Optimizer consists of the standard method to apply graph-based optimizations on ONNX models. However, its ability to preserve model accuracy across optimizations, has not been rigorously explored. We propose OODTE, a utility to automatically and thoroughly assess the correctness of the ONNX Optimizer. OODTE follows a simple, yet effective differential testing and evaluation approach that can be easily adopted to other compiler optimizers. In particular, OODTE utilizes a number of ONNX models, then optimizes them and executes both the original and the optimized variants across a user-defined set of inputs, while automatically logging any issues with the optimization process. Finally, for successfully optimized models, OODTE compares the results, and, if any accuracy deviations are observed, it iteratively repeats the process for each pass of the ONNX Optimizer, to localize the root cause of the differences observed. Using OODTE, we sourced well-known $130$ models from the official ONNX Model Hub, used for a wide variety of tasks (classification, object detection, semantic segmentation, text summarization, question and answering, sentiment analysis) from the official ONNX model hub. We detected 15 issues, 14 of which were previously unknown, associated with optimizer crashes and accuracy deviations. We also observed $9.2$% of all model instances presenting issues leading into the crash of the optimizer, or the generation of an invalid model while using the primary optimizer strategies. In addition, $30$% of the classification models presented accuracy differences across the original and the optimized model variants, while $16.6$% of semantic segmentation and object detection models are also affected, at least to a limited extent.

Automated Sentiment Classification and Topic Discovery in Large-Scale Social Media Streams

We present a framework for large-scale sentiment and topic analysis of Twitter discourse. Our pipeline begins with targeted data collection using conflict-specific keywords, followed by automated sentiment labeling via multiple pre-trained models to improve annotation robustness. We examine the relationship between sentiment and contextual features such as timestamp, geolocation, and lexical content. To identify latent themes, we apply Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) on partitioned subsets grouped by sentiment and metadata attributes. Finally, we develop an interactive visualization interface to support exploration of sentiment trends and topic distributions across time and regions. This work contributes a scalable methodology for social media analysis in dynamic geopolitical contexts.

Bug Destiny Prediction in Large Open-Source Software Repositories through Sentiment Analysis and BERT Topic Modeling

This study explores a novel approach to predicting key bug-related outcomes, including the time to resolution, time to fix, and ultimate status of a bug, using data from the Bugzilla Eclipse Project. Specifically, we leverage features available before a bug is resolved to enhance predictive accuracy. Our methodology incorporates sentiment analysis to derive both an emotionality score and a sentiment classification (positive or negative). Additionally, we integrate the bug's priority level and its topic, extracted using a BERTopic model, as features for a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP). Our findings indicate that the combination of BERTopic and sentiment analysis can improve certain model performance metrics. Furthermore, we observe that balancing model inputs enhances practical applicability, albeit at the cost of a significant reduction in accuracy in most cases. To address our primary objectives, predicting time-to-resolution, time-to-fix, and bug destiny, we employ both binary classification and exact time value predictions, allowing for a comparative evaluation of their predictive effectiveness. Results demonstrate that sentiment analysis serves as a valuable predictor of a bug's eventual outcome, particularly in determining whether it will be fixed. However, its utility is less pronounced when classifying bugs into more complex or unconventional outcome categories.

A Simple Ensemble Strategy for LLM Inference: Towards More Stable Text Classification

With the advance of large language models (LLMs), LLMs have been utilized for the various tasks. However, the issues of variability and reproducibility of results from each trial of LLMs have been largely overlooked in existing literature while actual human annotation uses majority voting to resolve disagreements among annotators. Therefore, this study introduces the straightforward ensemble strategy to a sentiment analysis using LLMs. As the results, we demonstrate that the ensemble of multiple inference using medium-sized LLMs produces more robust and accurate results than using a large model with a single attempt with reducing RMSE by 18.6%.

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in tasks such as psychological text analysis and decision-making in automated workflows. However, their reliability remains a concern due to potential biases inherited from their training process. In this study, we examine how different response format: binary versus continuous, may systematically influence LLMs' judgments. In a value statement judgments task and a text sentiment analysis task, we prompted LLMs to simulate human responses and tested both formats across several models, including both open-source and commercial models. Our findings revealed a consistent negative bias: LLMs were more likely to deliver "negative" judgments in binary formats compared to continuous ones. Control experiments further revealed that this pattern holds across both tasks. Our results highlight the importance of considering response format when applying LLMs to decision tasks, as small changes in task design can introduce systematic biases.

Analyzing Patterns and Influence of Advertising in Print Newspapers

This paper investigates advertising practices in print newspapers across India using a novel data-driven approach. We develop a pipeline employing image processing and OCR techniques to extract articles and advertisements from digital versions of print newspapers with high accuracy. Applying this methodology to five popular newspapers that span multiple regions and three languages, English, Hindi, and Telugu, we assembled a dataset of more than 12,000 editions containing several hundred thousand advertisements. Collectively, these newspapers reach a readership of over 100 million people. Using this extensive dataset, we conduct a comprehensive analysis to answer key questions about print advertising: who advertises, what they advertise, when they advertise, where they place their ads, and how they advertise. Our findings reveal significant patterns, including the consistent level of print advertising over the past six years despite declining print circulation, the overrepresentation of company ads on prominent pages, and the disproportionate revenue contributed by government ads. Furthermore, we examine whether advertising in a newspaper influences the coverage an advertiser receives. Through regression analyses on coverage volume and sentiment, we find strong evidence supporting this hypothesis for corporate advertisers. The results indicate a clear trend where increased advertising correlates with more favorable and extensive media coverage, a relationship that remains robust over time and across different levels of advertiser popularity.

Linguistic Complexity and Socio-cultural Patterns in Hip-Hop Lyrics

This paper presents a comprehensive computational framework for analyzing linguistic complexity and socio-cultural trends in hip-hop lyrics. Using a dataset of 3,814 songs from 146 influential artists spanning four decades (1980-2020), we employ natural language processing techniques to quantify multiple dimensions of lyrical complexity. Our analysis reveals a 23.7% increase in vocabulary diversity over the study period, with East Coast artists demonstrating 17.3% higher lexical variation than other regions. Rhyme density increased by 34.2% across all regions, with Midwest artists exhibiting the highest technical complexity (3.04 rhymes per line). Topic modeling identified significant shifts in thematic content, with social justice themes decreasing from 28.5% to 13.8% of content while introspective themes increased from 7.6% to 26.3%. Sentiment analysis demon- strated that lyrics became significantly more negative during sociopolitical crises, with polarity decreasing by 0.31 following major social unrest. Multi-dimensional analysis revealed four dis- tinct stylistic approaches that correlate strongly with geographic origin (r=0.68, p!0.001) and time period (r=0.59, p<0.001). These findings establish quantitative evidence for the evolution of hip- hop as both an art form and a reflection of societal dynamics, providing insights into the interplay between linguistic innovation and cultural context in popular music.

Test It Before You Trust It: Applying Software Testing for Trustworthy In-context Learning

In-context learning (ICL) has emerged as a powerful capability of large language models (LLMs), enabling them to perform new tasks based on a few provided examples without explicit fine-tuning. Despite their impressive adaptability, these models remain vulnerable to subtle adversarial perturbations and exhibit unpredictable behavior when faced with linguistic variations. Inspired by software testing principles, we introduce a software testing-inspired framework, called MMT4NL, for evaluating the trustworthiness of in-context learning by utilizing adversarial perturbations and software testing techniques. It includes diverse evaluation aspects of linguistic capabilities for testing the ICL capabilities of LLMs. MMT4NL is built around the idea of crafting metamorphic adversarial examples from a test set in order to quantify and pinpoint bugs in the designed prompts of ICL. Our philosophy is to treat any LLM as software and validate its functionalities just like testing the software. Finally, we demonstrate applications of MMT4NL on the sentiment analysis and question-answering tasks. Our experiments could reveal various linguistic bugs in state-of-the-art LLMs.

Enhancing Multilingual Sentiment Analysis with Explainability for Sinhala, English, and Code-Mixed Content

Sentiment analysis is crucial for brand reputation management in the banking sector, where customer feedback spans English, Sinhala, Singlish, and code-mixed text. Existing models struggle with low-resource languages like Sinhala and lack interpretability for practical use. This research develops a hybrid aspect-based sentiment analysis framework that enhances multilingual capabilities with explainable outputs. Using cleaned banking customer reviews, we fine-tune XLM-RoBERTa for Sinhala and code-mixed text, integrate domain-specific lexicon correction, and employ BERT-base-uncased for English. The system classifies sentiment (positive, neutral, negative) with confidence scores, while SHAP and LIME improve interpretability by providing real-time sentiment explanations. Experimental results show that our approaches outperform traditional transformer-based classifiers, achieving 92.3 percent accuracy and an F1-score of 0.89 in English and 88.4 percent in Sinhala and code-mixed content. An explainability analysis reveals key sentiment drivers, improving trust and transparency. A user-friendly interface delivers aspect-wise sentiment insights, ensuring accessibility for businesses. This research contributes to robust, transparent sentiment analysis for financial applications by bridging gaps in multilingual, low-resource NLP and explainability.