Simple Model Also Works: A Novel Emotion Recognition Network in Textual Conversation Based on Curriculum Learning Strategy

Emotion Recognition in Conversation (ERC) has emerged as a research hotspot in domains such as conversational robots and question-answer systems. How to efficiently and adequately retrieve contextual emotional cues has been one of the key challenges in the ERC task. Existing efforts do not fully model the context and employ complex network structures, resulting in excessive computational resource overhead without substantial performance improvement. In this paper, we propose a novel Emotion Recognition Network based on Curriculum Learning strategy (ERNetCL). The proposed ERNetCL primarily consists of Temporal Encoder (TE), Spatial Encoder (SE), and Curriculum Learning (CL) loss. We utilize TE and SE to combine the strengths of previous methods in a simplistic manner to efficiently capture temporal and spatial contextual information in the conversation. To simulate the way humans learn curriculum from easy to hard, we apply the idea of CL to the ERC task to progressively optimize the network parameters of ERNetCL. At the beginning of training, we assign lower learning weights to difficult samples. As the epoch increases, the learning weights for these samples are gradually raised. Extensive experiments on four datasets exhibit that our proposed method is effective and dramatically beats other baseline models.

CFN-ESA: A Cross-Modal Fusion Network with Emotion-Shift Awareness for Dialogue Emotion Recognition

Multimodal Emotion Recognition in Conversation (ERC) has garnered growing attention from research communities in various fields. In this paper, we propose a cross-modal fusion network with emotion-shift awareness (CFN-ESA) for ERC. Extant approaches employ each modality equally without distinguishing the amount of emotional information, rendering it hard to adequately extract complementary and associative information from multimodal data. To cope with this problem, in CFN-ESA, textual modalities are treated as the primary source of emotional information, while visual and acoustic modalities are taken as the secondary sources. Besides, most multimodal ERC models ignore emotion-shift information and overfocus on contextual information, leading to the failure of emotion recognition under emotion-shift scenario. We elaborate an emotion-shift module to address this challenge. CFN-ESA mainly consists of the unimodal encoder (RUME), cross-modal encoder (ACME), and emotion-shift module (LESM). RUME is applied to extract conversation-level contextual emotional cues while pulling together the data distributions between modalities; ACME is utilized to perform multimodal interaction centered on textual modality; LESM is used to model emotion shift and capture related information, thereby guide the learning of the main task. Experimental results demonstrate that CFN-ESA can effectively promote performance for ERC and remarkably outperform the state-of-the-art models.

A Dual-Stream Recurrence-Attention Network with Global-Local Awareness for Emotion Recognition in Textual Dialogue

In real-world dialogue systems, the ability to understand the user's emotions and interact anthropomorphically is of great significance. Emotion Recognition in Conversation (ERC) is one of the key ways to accomplish this goal and has attracted growing attention. How to model the context in a conversation is a central aspect and a major challenge of ERC tasks. Most existing approaches are generally unable to capture both global and local contextual information efficiently, and their network structures are too complex to design. For this reason, in this work, we propose a straightforward Dual-stream Recurrence-Attention Network (DualRAN) based on Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) and Multi-head ATtention network (MAT). The proposed model eschews the complex network structure of current methods and focuses on combining recurrence-based methods with attention-based methods. DualRAN is a dual-stream structure mainly consisting of local- and global-aware modules, modeling a conversation from distinct perspectives. To achieve the local-aware module, we extend the structure of RNN, thus enhancing the expressive capability of the network. In addition, we develop two single-stream network variants for DualRAN, i.e., SingleRANv1 and SingleRANv2. We conduct extensive experiments on four widely used benchmark datasets, and the results reveal that the proposed model outshines all baselines. Ablation studies further demonstrate the effectiveness of each component.

Complementary Learning Subnetworks for Parameter-Efficient Class-Incremental Learning

In the scenario of class-incremental learning (CIL), deep neural networks have to adapt their model parameters to non-stationary data distributions, e.g., the emergence of new classes over time. However, CIL models are challenged by the well-known catastrophic forgetting phenomenon. Typical methods such as rehearsal-based ones rely on storing exemplars of old classes to mitigate catastrophic forgetting, which limits real-world applications considering memory resources and privacy issues. In this paper, we propose a novel rehearsal-free CIL approach that learns continually via the synergy between two Complementary Learning Subnetworks. Our approach involves jointly optimizing a plastic CNN feature extractor and an analytical feed-forward classifier. The inaccessibility of historical data is tackled by holistically controlling the parameters of a well-trained model, ensuring that the decision boundary learned fits new classes while retaining recognition of previously learned classes. Specifically, the trainable CNN feature extractor provides task-dependent knowledge separately without interference; and the final classifier integrates task-specific knowledge incrementally for decision-making without forgetting. In each CIL session, it accommodates new tasks by attaching a tiny set of declarative parameters to its backbone, in which only one matrix per task or one vector per class is kept for knowledge retention. Extensive experiments on a variety of task sequences show that our method achieves competitive results against state-of-the-art methods, especially in accuracy gain, memory cost, training efficiency, and task-order robustness. Furthermore, to make the non-growing backbone (i.e., a model with limited network capacity) suffice to train on more incoming tasks, a graceful forgetting implementation on previously learned trivial tasks is empirically investigated.

IF2Net: Innately Forgetting-Free Networks for Continual Learning

Continual learning can incrementally absorb new concepts without interfering with previously learned knowledge. Motivated by the characteristics of neural networks, in which information is stored in weights on connections, we investigated how to design an Innately Forgetting-Free Network (IF2Net) for continual learning context. This study proposed a straightforward yet effective learning paradigm by ingeniously keeping the weights relative to each seen task untouched before and after learning a new task. We first presented the novel representation-level learning on task sequences with random weights. This technique refers to tweaking the drifted representations caused by randomization back to their separate task-optimal working states, but the involved weights are frozen and reused (opposite to well-known layer-wise updates of weights). Then, sequential decision-making without forgetting can be achieved by projecting the output weight updates into the parsimonious orthogonal space, making the adaptations not disturb old knowledge while maintaining model plasticity. IF2Net allows a single network to inherently learn unlimited mapping rules without telling task identities at test time by integrating the respective strengths of randomization and orthogonalization. We validated the effectiveness of our approach in the extensive theoretical analysis and empirical study.

Multi-View Class Incremental Learning

Multi-view learning (MVL) has gained great success in integrating information from multiple perspectives of a dataset to improve downstream task performance. To make MVL methods more practical in an open-ended environment, this paper investigates a novel paradigm called multi-view class incremental learning (MVCIL), where a single model incrementally classifies new classes from a continual stream of views, requiring no access to earlier views of data. However, MVCIL is challenged by the catastrophic forgetting of old information and the interference with learning new concepts. To address this, we first develop a randomization-based representation learning technique serving for feature extraction to guarantee their separate view-optimal working states, during which multiple views belonging to a class are presented sequentially; Then, we integrate them one by one in the orthogonality fusion subspace spanned by the extracted features; Finally, we introduce selective weight consolidation for learning-without-forgetting decision-making while encountering new classes. Extensive experiments on synthetic and real-world datasets validate the effectiveness of our approach.

Towards Complex Real-World Safety Factory Inspection: A High-Quality Dataset for Safety Clothing and Helmet Detection

Safety clothing and helmets play a crucial role in ensuring worker safety at construction sites. Recently, deep learning methods have garnered significant attention in the field of computer vision for their potential to enhance safety and efficiency in various industries. However, limited availability of high-quality datasets has hindered the development of deep learning methods for safety clothing and helmet detection. In this work, we present a large, comprehensive, and realistic high-quality dataset for safety clothing and helmet detection, which was collected from a real-world chemical plant and annotated by professional security inspectors. Our dataset has been compared with several existing open-source datasets, and its effectiveness has been verified applying some classic object detection methods. The results demonstrate that our dataset is more complete and performs better in real-world settings. Furthermore, we have released our deployment code to the public to encourage the adoption of our dataset and improve worker safety. We hope that our efforts will promote the convergence of academic research and industry, ultimately contribute to the betterment of society.

EmotionIC: Emotional Inertia and Contagion-driven Dependency Modelling for Emotion Recognition in Conversation

Emotion Recognition in Conversation (ERC) has attracted growing attention in recent years as a result of the advancement and implementation of human-computer interface technologies. However, previous approaches to modeling global and local context dependencies lost the diversity of dependency information and do not take the context dependency into account at the classification level. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to dependency modeling driven by Emotional Inertia and Contagion (EmotionIC) for conversational emotion recognition at the feature extraction and classification levels. At the feature extraction level, our designed Identity Masked Multi-head Attention (IM-MHA) captures the identity-based long-distant context in the dialogue to contain the diverse influence of different participants and construct the global emotional atmosphere, while the devised Dialogue-based Gate Recurrent Unit (DialogGRU) that aggregates the emotional tendencies of dyadic dialogue is applied to refine the contextual features with inter- and intra-speaker dependencies. At the classification level, by introducing skip connections in Conditional Random Field (CRF), we elaborate the Skip-chain CRF (SkipCRF) to capture the high-order dependencies within and between speakers, and to emulate the emotional flow of distant participants. Experimental results show that our method can significantly outperform the state-of-the-art models on four benchmark datasets. The ablation studies confirm that our modules can effectively model emotional inertia and contagion.

Federated Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach via Physics-Informed Reward for Multi-Microgrid Energy Management

The utilization of large-scale distributed renewable energy promotes the development of the multi-microgrid (MMG), which raises the need of developing an effective energy management method to minimize economic costs and keep self energy-sufficiency. The multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL) has been widely used for the energy management problem because of its real-time scheduling ability. However, its training requires massive energy operation data of microgrids (MGs), while gathering these data from different MGs would threaten their privacy and data security. Therefore, this paper tackles this practical yet challenging issue by proposing a federated multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (F-MADRL) algorithm via the physics-informed reward. In this algorithm, the federated learning (FL) mechanism is introduced to train the F-MADRL algorithm thus ensures the privacy and the security of data. In addition, a decentralized MMG model is built, and the energy of each participated MG is managed by an agent, which aims to minimize economic costs and keep self energy-sufficiency according to the physics-informed reward. At first, MGs individually execute the self-training based on local energy operation data to train their local agent models. Then, these local models are periodically uploaded to a server and their parameters are aggregated to build a global agent, which will be broadcasted to MGs and replace their local agents. In this way, the experience of each MG agent can be shared and the energy operation data is not explicitly transmitted, thus protecting the privacy and ensuring data security. Finally, experiments are conducted on Oak Ridge national laboratory distributed energy control communication lab microgrid (ORNL-MG) test system, and the comparisons are carried out to verify the effectiveness of introducing the FL mechanism and the outperformance of our proposed F-MADRL.

InferEM: Inferring the Speaker's Intention for Empathetic Dialogue Generation

Current approaches to empathetic response generation typically encode the entire dialogue history directly and put the output into a decoder to generate friendly feedback. These methods focus on modelling contextual information but neglect capturing the direct intention of the speaker. We argue that the last utterance in the dialogue empirically conveys the intention of the speaker. Consequently, we propose a novel model named InferEM for empathetic response generation. We separately encode the last utterance and fuse it with the entire dialogue through multi-head attention based intention fusion module to capture the speaker's intention. Besides, we utilize previous utterances to predict the last utterance, which simulates human's psychology to guess what the interlocutor may speak in advance. To balance the optimizing rates of the utterance prediction and response generation, a multi-task learning strategy is designed for InferEM. Experimental results demonstrate the plausibility and validity of InferEM in improving empathetic expression.