Structural Similarity: When to Use Deep Generative Models on Imbalanced Image Dataset Augmentation

Improving the performance on an imbalanced training set is one of the main challenges in nowadays Machine Learning. One way to augment and thus re-balance the image dataset is through existing deep generative models, like class-conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (cGAN) or Diffusion Models by synthesizing images on each of the tail-class. Our experiments on imbalanced image dataset classification show that, the validation accuracy improvement with such re-balancing method is related to the image similarity between different classes. Thus, to quantify this image dataset class similarity, we propose a measurement called Super-Sub Class Structural Similarity (SSIM-supSubCls) based on Structural Similarity (SSIM). A deep generative model data augmentation classification (GM-augCls) pipeline is also provided to verify this metric correlates with the accuracy enhancement. We further quantify the relationship between them, discovering that the accuracy improvement decays exponentially with respect to SSIM-supSubCls values.

Near Perfect GAN Inversion

To edit a real photo using Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), we need a GAN inversion algorithm to identify the latent vector that perfectly reproduces it. Unfortunately, whereas existing inversion algorithms can synthesize images similar to real photos, they cannot generate the identical clones needed in most applications. Here, we derive an algorithm that achieves near perfect reconstructions of photos. Rather than relying on encoder- or optimization-based methods to find an inverse mapping on a fixed generator $G(\cdot)$, we derive an approach to locally adjust $G(\cdot)$ to more optimally represent the photos we wish to synthesize. This is done by locally tweaking the learned mapping $G(\cdot)$ s.t. $\| {\bf x} - G({\bf z}) \|<\epsilon$, with ${\bf x}$ the photo we wish to reproduce, ${\bf z}$ the latent vector, $\|\cdot\|$ an appropriate metric, and $\epsilon > 0$ a small scalar. We show that this approach can not only produce synthetic images that are indistinguishable from the real photos we wish to replicate, but that these images are readily editable. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the derived algorithm on a variety of datasets including human faces, animals, and cars, and discuss its importance for diversity and inclusion.

When do GANs replicate? On the choice of dataset size

Do GANs replicate training images? Previous studies have shown that GANs do not seem to replicate training data without significant change in the training procedure. This leads to a series of research on the exact condition needed for GANs to overfit to the training data. Although a number of factors has been theoretically or empirically identified, the effect of dataset size and complexity on GANs replication is still unknown. With empirical evidence from BigGAN and StyleGAN2, on datasets CelebA, Flower and LSUN-bedroom, we show that dataset size and its complexity play an important role in GANs replication and perceptual quality of the generated images. We further quantify this relationship, discovering that replication percentage decays exponentially with respect to dataset size and complexity, with a shared decaying factor across GAN-dataset combinations. Meanwhile, the perceptual image quality follows a U-shape trend w.r.t dataset size. This finding leads to a practical tool for one-shot estimation on minimal dataset size to prevent GAN replication which can be used to guide datasets construction and selection.

Diamond in the rough: Improving image realism by traversing the GAN latent space

In just a few years, the photo-realism of images synthesized by Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) has gone from somewhat reasonable to almost perfect largely by increasing the complexity of the networks, e.g., adding layers, intermediate latent spaces, style-transfer parameters, etc. This trajectory has led many of the state-of-the-art GANs to be inaccessibly large, disengaging many without large computational resources. Recognizing this, we explore a method for squeezing additional performance from existing, low-complexity GANs. Formally, we present an unsupervised method to find a direction in the latent space that aligns with improved photo-realism. Our approach leaves the network unchanged while enhancing the fidelity of the generated image. We use a simple generator inversion to find the direction in the latent space that results in the smallest change in the image space. Leveraging the learned structure of the latent space, we find moving in this direction corrects many image artifacts and brings the image into greater realism. We verify our findings qualitatively and quantitatively, showing an improvement in Frechet Inception Distance (FID) exists along our trajectory which surpasses the original GAN and other approaches including a supervised method. We expand further and provide an optimization method to automatically select latent vectors along the path that balance the variation and realism of samples. We apply our method to several diverse datasets and three architectures of varying complexity to illustrate the generalizability of our approach. By expanding the utility of low-complexity and existing networks, we hope to encourage the democratization of GANs.

Adding Knowledge to Unsupervised Algorithms for the Recognition of Intent

Computer vision algorithms performance are near or superior to humans in the visual problems including object recognition (especially those of fine-grained categories), segmentation, and 3D object reconstruction from 2D views. Humans are, however, capable of higher-level image analyses. A clear example, involving theory of mind, is our ability to determine whether a perceived behavior or action was performed intentionally or not. In this paper, we derive an algorithm that can infer whether the behavior of an agent in a scene is intentional or unintentional based on its 3D kinematics, using the knowledge of self-propelled motion, Newtonian motion and their relationship. We show how the addition of this basic knowledge leads to a simple, unsupervised algorithm. To test the derived algorithm, we constructed three dedicated datasets from abstract geometric animation to realistic videos of agents performing intentional and non-intentional actions. Experiments on these datasets show that our algorithm can recognize whether an action is intentional or not, even without training data. The performance is comparable to various supervised baselines quantitatively, with sensible intentionality segmentation qualitatively.

EmotioNet Challenge: Recognition of facial expressions of emotion in the wild

This paper details the methodology and results of the EmotioNet challenge. This challenge is the first to test the ability of computer vision algorithms in the automatic analysis of a large number of images of facial expressions of emotion in the wild. The challenge was divided into two tracks. The first track tested the ability of current computer vision algorithms in the automatic detection of action units (AUs). Specifically, we tested the detection of 11 AUs. The second track tested the algorithms' ability to recognize emotion categories in images of facial expressions. Specifically, we tested the recognition of 16 basic and compound emotion categories. The results of the challenge suggest that current computer vision and machine learning algorithms are unable to reliably solve these two tasks. The limitations of current algorithms are more apparent when trying to recognize emotion. We also show that current algorithms are not affected by mild resolution changes, small occluders, gender or age, but that 3D pose is a major limiting factor on performance. We provide an in-depth discussion of the points that need special attention moving forward.