R+X: Retrieval and Execution from Everyday Human Videos

We present R+X, a framework which enables robots to learn skills from long, unlabelled, first-person videos of humans performing everyday tasks. Given a language command from a human, R+X first retrieves short video clips containing relevant behaviour, and then executes the skill by conditioning an in-context imitation learning method on this behaviour. By leveraging a Vision Language Model (VLM) for retrieval, R+X does not require any manual annotation of the videos, and by leveraging in-context learning for execution, robots can perform commanded skills immediately, without requiring a period of training on the retrieved videos. Experiments studying a range of everyday household tasks show that R+X succeeds at translating unlabelled human videos into robust robot skills, and that R+X outperforms several recent alternative methods. Videos are available at https://www.robot-learning.uk/r-plus-x.

Keypoint Action Tokens Enable In-Context Imitation Learning in Robotics

We show that off-the-shelf text-based Transformers, with no additional training, can perform few-shot in-context visual imitation learning, mapping visual observations to action sequences that emulate the demonstrator's behaviour. We achieve this by transforming visual observations (inputs) and trajectories of actions (outputs) into sequences of tokens that a text-pretrained Transformer (GPT-4 Turbo) can ingest and generate, via a framework we call Keypoint Action Tokens (KAT). Despite being trained only on language, we show that these Transformers excel at translating tokenised visual keypoint observations into action trajectories, performing on par or better than state-of-the-art imitation learning (diffusion policies) in the low-data regime on a suite of real-world, everyday tasks. Rather than operating in the language domain as is typical, KAT leverages text-based Transformers to operate in the vision and action domains to learn general patterns in demonstration data for highly efficient imitation learning, indicating promising new avenues for repurposing natural language models for embodied tasks. Videos are available at https://www.robot-learning.uk/keypoint-action-tokens.

DINOBot: Robot Manipulation via Retrieval and Alignment with Vision Foundation Models

We propose DINOBot, a novel imitation learning framework for robot manipulation, which leverages the image-level and pixel-level capabilities of features extracted from Vision Transformers trained with DINO. When interacting with a novel object, DINOBot first uses these features to retrieve the most visually similar object experienced during human demonstrations, and then uses this object to align its end-effector with the novel object to enable effective interaction. Through a series of real-world experiments on everyday tasks, we show that exploiting both the image-level and pixel-level properties of vision foundation models enables unprecedented learning efficiency and generalisation. Videos and code are available at https://www.robot-learning.uk/dinobot.

On the Effectiveness of Retrieval, Alignment, and Replay in Manipulation

Imitation learning with visual observations is notoriously inefficient when addressed with end-to-end behavioural cloning methods. In this paper, we explore an alternative paradigm which decomposes reasoning into three phases. First, a retrieval phase, which informs the robot what it can do with an object. Second, an alignment phase, which informs the robot where to interact with the object. And third, a replay phase, which informs the robot how to interact with the object. Through a series of real-world experiments on everyday tasks, such as grasping, pouring, and inserting objects, we show that this decomposition brings unprecedented learning efficiency, and effective inter- and intra-class generalisation. Videos are available at https://www.robot-learning.uk/retrieval-alignment-replay.

Dream2Real: Zero-Shot 3D Object Rearrangement with Vision-Language Models

We introduce Dream2Real, a robotics framework which integrates vision-language models (VLMs) trained on 2D data into a 3D object rearrangement pipeline. This is achieved by the robot autonomously constructing a 3D representation of the scene, where objects can be rearranged virtually and an image of the resulting arrangement rendered. These renders are evaluated by a VLM, so that the arrangement which best satisfies the user instruction is selected and recreated in the real world with pick-and-place. This enables language-conditioned rearrangement to be performed zero-shot, without needing to collect a training dataset of example arrangements. Results on a series of real-world tasks show that this framework is robust to distractors, controllable by language, capable of understanding complex multi-object relations, and readily applicable to both tabletop and 6-DoF rearrangement tasks.

SceneScore: Learning a Cost Function for Object Arrangement

Arranging objects correctly is a key capability for robots which unlocks a wide range of useful tasks. A prerequisite for creating successful arrangements is the ability to evaluate the desirability of a given arrangement. Our method "SceneScore" learns a cost function for arrangements, such that desirable, human-like arrangements have a low cost. We learn the distribution of training arrangements offline using an energy-based model, solely from example images without requiring environment interaction or human supervision. Our model is represented by a graph neural network which learns object-object relations, using graphs constructed from images. Experiments demonstrate that the learned cost function can be used to predict poses for missing objects, generalise to novel objects using semantic features, and can be composed with other cost functions to satisfy constraints at inference time.

Few-Shot In-Context Imitation Learning via Implicit Graph Alignment

Consider the following problem: given a few demonstrations of a task across a few different objects, how can a robot learn to perform that same task on new, previously unseen objects? This is challenging because the large variety of objects within a class makes it difficult to infer the task-relevant relationship between the new objects and the objects in the demonstrations. We address this by formulating imitation learning as a conditional alignment problem between graph representations of objects. Consequently, we show that this conditioning allows for in-context learning, where a robot can perform a task on a set of new objects immediately after the demonstrations, without any prior knowledge about the object class or any further training. In our experiments, we explore and validate our design choices, and we show that our method is highly effective for few-shot learning of several real-world, everyday tasks, whilst outperforming baselines. Videos are available on our project webpage at https://www.robot-learning.uk/implicit-graph-alignment.

One-Shot Imitation Learning: A Pose Estimation Perspective

In this paper, we study imitation learning under the challenging setting of: (1) only a single demonstration, (2) no further data collection, and (3) no prior task or object knowledge. We show how, with these constraints, imitation learning can be formulated as a combination of trajectory transfer and unseen object pose estimation. To explore this idea, we provide an in-depth study on how state-of-the-art unseen object pose estimators perform for one-shot imitation learning on ten real-world tasks, and we take a deep dive into the effects that camera calibration, pose estimation error, and spatial generalisation have on task success rates. For videos, please visit https://www.robot-learning.uk/pose-estimation-perspective.

Language Models as Zero-Shot Trajectory Generators

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown promise as high-level planners for robots when given access to a selection of low-level skills. However, it is often assumed that LLMs do not possess sufficient knowledge to be used for the low-level trajectories themselves. In this work, we address this assumption thoroughly, and investigate if an LLM (GPT-4) can directly predict a dense sequence of end-effector poses for manipulation skills, when given access to only object detection and segmentation vision models. We study how well a single task-agnostic prompt, without any in-context examples, motion primitives, or external trajectory optimisers, can perform across 26 real-world language-based tasks, such as "open the bottle cap" and "wipe the plate with the sponge", and we investigate which design choices in this prompt are the most effective. Our conclusions raise the assumed limit of LLMs for robotics, and we reveal for the first time that LLMs do indeed possess an understanding of low-level robot control sufficient for a range of common tasks, and that they can additionally detect failures and then re-plan trajectories accordingly. Videos, code, and prompts are available at: https://www.robot-learning.uk/language-models-trajectory-generators.

Open X-Embodiment: Robotic Learning Datasets and RT-X Models

Large, high-capacity models trained on diverse datasets have shown remarkable successes on efficiently tackling downstream applications. In domains from NLP to Computer Vision, this has led to a consolidation of pretrained models, with general pretrained backbones serving as a starting point for many applications. Can such a consolidation happen in robotics? Conventionally, robotic learning methods train a separate model for every application, every robot, and even every environment. Can we instead train generalist X-robot policy that can be adapted efficiently to new robots, tasks, and environments? In this paper, we provide datasets in standardized data formats and models to make it possible to explore this possibility in the context of robotic manipulation, alongside experimental results that provide an example of effective X-robot policies. We assemble a dataset from 22 different robots collected through a collaboration between 21 institutions, demonstrating 527 skills (160266 tasks). We show that a high-capacity model trained on this data, which we call RT-X, exhibits positive transfer and improves the capabilities of multiple robots by leveraging experience from other platforms. More details can be found on the project website $\href{https://robotics-transformer-x.github.io}{\text{robotics-transformer-x.github.io}}$.