Large Wireless Localization Model (LWLM): A Foundation Model for Positioning in 6G Networks

Accurate and robust localization is a critical enabler for emerging 5G and 6G applications, including autonomous driving, extended reality (XR), and smart manufacturing. While data-driven approaches have shown promise, most existing models require large amounts of labeled data and struggle to generalize across deployment scenarios and wireless configurations. To address these limitations, we propose a foundation-model-based solution tailored for wireless localization. We first analyze how different self-supervised learning (SSL) tasks acquire general-purpose and task-specific semantic features based on information bottleneck (IB) theory. Building on this foundation, we design a pretraining methodology for the proposed Large Wireless Localization Model (LWLM). Specifically, we propose an SSL framework that jointly optimizes three complementary objectives: (i) spatial-frequency masked channel modeling (SF-MCM), (ii) domain-transformation invariance (DTI), and (iii) position-invariant contrastive learning (PICL). These objectives jointly capture the underlying semantics of wireless channel from multiple perspectives. We further design lightweight decoders for key downstream tasks, including time-of-arrival (ToA) estimation, angle-of-arrival (AoA) estimation, single base station (BS) localization, and multiple BS localization. Comprehensive experimental results confirm that LWLM consistently surpasses both model-based and supervised learning baselines across all localization tasks. In particular, LWLM achieves 26.0%--87.5% improvement over transformer models without pretraining, and exhibits strong generalization under label-limited fine-tuning and unseen BS configurations, confirming its potential as a foundation model for wireless localization.

Rate-Limited Closed-Loop Distributed ISAC Systems: An Autoencoder Approach

In closed-loop distributed multi-sensor integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems, performance often hinges on transmitting high-dimensional sensor observations over rate-limited networks. In this paper, we first present a general framework for rate-limited closed-loop distributed ISAC systems, and then propose an autoencoder-based observation compression method to overcome the constraints imposed by limited transmission capacity. Building on this framework, we conduct a case study using a closed-loop linear quadratic regulator (LQR) system to analyze how the interplay among observation, compression, and state dimensions affects reconstruction accuracy, state estimation error, and control performance. In multi-sensor scenarios, our results further show that optimal resource allocation initially prioritizes low-noise sensors until the compression becomes lossless, after which resources are reallocated to high-noise sensors.

Inverse Modeling of Dielectric Response in Time Domain using Physics-Informed Neural Networks

Dielectric response (DR) of insulating materials is key input information for designing electrical insulation systems and defining safe operating conditions of various HV devices. In dielectric materials, different polarization and conduction processes occur at different time scales, making it challenging to physically interpret raw measured data. To analyze DR measurement results, equivalent circuit models (ECMs) are commonly used, reducing the complexity of the physical system to a number of circuit elements that capture the dominant response. This paper examines the use of physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) for inverse modeling of DR in time domain using parallel RC circuits. To assess their performance, we test PINNs on synthetic data generated from analytical solutions of corresponding ECMs, incorporating Gaussian noise to simulate measurement errors. Our results show that PINNs are highly effective at solving well-conditioned inverse problems, accurately estimating up to five unknown RC parameters with minimal requirements on neural network size, training duration, and hyperparameter tuning. Furthermore, we extend the ECMs to incorporate temperature dependence and demonstrate that PINNs can accurately recover embedded, nonlinear temperature functions from noisy DR data sampled at different temperatures. This case study in modeling DR in time domain presents a solution with wide-ranging potential applications in disciplines relying on ECMs, utilizing the latest technology in machine learning for scientific computation.

Unsupervised Learning for Gain-Phase Impairment Calibration in ISAC Systems

Gain-phase impairments (GPIs) affect both communication and sensing in 6G integrated sensing and communication (ISAC). We study the effect of GPIs in a single-input, multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing ISAC system and develop a model-based unsupervised learning approach to simultaneously (i) estimate the gain-phase errors and (ii) localize sensing targets. The proposed method is based on the optimal maximum a-posteriori ratio test for a single target. Results show that the proposed approach can effectively estimate the gain-phase errors and yield similar position estimation performance as the case when the impairments are fully known.

Decoding Quantum LDPC Codes Using Graph Neural Networks

In this paper, we propose a novel decoding method for Quantum Low-Density Parity-Check (QLDPC) codes based on Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). Similar to the Belief Propagation (BP)-based QLDPC decoders, the proposed GNN-based QLDPC decoder exploits the sparse graph structure of QLDPC codes and can be implemented as a message-passing decoding algorithm. We compare the proposed GNN-based decoding algorithm against selected classes of both conventional and neural-enhanced QLDPC decoding algorithms across several QLDPC code designs. The simulation results demonstrate excellent performance of GNN-based decoders along with their low complexity compared to competing methods.

Learning to Extract Distributed Polarization Sensing Data from Noisy Jones Matrices

We consider the problem of recovering spatially resolved polarization information from receiver Jones matrices. We introduce a physics-based learning approach, improving noise resilience compared to previous inverse scattering methods, while highlighting challenges related to model overparameterization.

Blind Frequency-Domain Equalization Using Vector-Quantized Variational Autoencoders

We propose a novel frequency-domain blind equalization scheme for coherent optical communications. The method is shown to achieve similar performance to its recently proposed time-domain counterpart with lower computational complexity, while outperforming the commonly used CMA-based equalizers.

Semi-Supervised End-to-End Learning for Integrated Sensing and Communications

Integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) is envisioned as one of the key enablers of next-generation wireless systems, offering improved hardware, spectral, and energy efficiencies. In this paper, we consider an ISAC transceiver with an impaired uniform linear array that performs single-target detection and position estimation, and multiple-input single-output communications. A differentiable model-based learning approach is considered, which optimizes both the transmitter and the sensing receiver in an end-to-end manner. An unsupervised loss function that enables impairment compensation without the need for labeled data is proposed. Semi-supervised learning strategies are also proposed, which use a combination of small amounts of labeled data and unlabeled data. Our results show that semi-supervised learning can achieve similar performance to supervised learning with 98.8% less required labeled data.

Model-Based End-to-End Learning for Multi-Target Integrated Sensing and Communication

We study model-based end-to-end learning in the context of integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) under hardware impairments. A monostatic orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) sensing and multiple-input single-output (MISO) communication scenario is considered, incorporating hardware imperfections at the ISAC transceiver antenna array. To enable end-to-end learning of the ISAC transmitter and sensing receiver, we propose a novel differentiable version of the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm that is suitable for multi-target sensing. Based on the differentiable OMP, we devise two model-based parameterization strategies to account for hardware impairments: (i) learning a dictionary of steering vectors for different angles, and (ii) learning the parameterized hardware impairments. For the single-target case, we carry out a comprehensive performance analysis of the proposed model-based learning approaches, a neural-network-based learning approach and a strong baseline consisting of least-squares beamforming, conventional OMP, and maximum-likelihood symbol detection for communication. Results show that learning the parameterized hardware impairments offers higher detection probability, better angle and range estimation accuracy, lower communication symbol error rate (SER), and exhibits the lowest complexity among all learning methods. Lastly, we demonstrate that learning the parameterized hardware impairments is scalable also to multiple targets, revealing significant improvements in terms of ISAC performance over the baseline.

Blind Channel Equalization Using Vector-Quantized Variational Autoencoders

State-of-the-art high-spectral-efficiency communication systems employ high-order modulation formats coupled with high symbol rates to accommodate the ever-growing demand for data rate-hungry applications. However, such systems are more vulnerable to linear and nonlinear transmission impairments, and it is important to mitigate the performance loss via digital signal processing. In this paper, we propose a novel machine learning approach for blind channel equalization and estimation using the vector quantized (VQ) \ac{VAE} framework. The proposed approach generalizes the applicability of the conventional \ac{VAE}-based equalizer to nonlinear systems employing high-order modulation formats by introducing a codebook component and an associated novel loss function. We evaluate the performance of the proposed method over a linear additive white Gaussian noise channel with intersymbol interference and two nonlinear scenarios. Simulation results show that the proposed method can achieve similar performance as a data aided equalizer using the \acf{MMSE} criterion, and outperforms the blind\ac{CMA} and the \ac{VAE}-based channel equalizer. Furthermore, we show that for the linear channel, the proposed scheme exhibits better convergence properties than the \ac{MMSE}-based, the \ac{CMA}-based, and the \ac{VAE}-based equalizers in terms of both convergence speed and robustness to variations in training batch size and learning rate.