Domain-Specific Block Selection and Paired-View Pseudo-Labeling for Online Test-Time Adaptation

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt a pre-trained model to a new test domain without access to source data after deployment. Existing approaches typically rely on self-training with pseudo-labels since ground-truth cannot be obtained from test data. Although the quality of pseudo labels is important for stable and accurate long-term adaptation, it has not been previously addressed. In this work, we propose DPLOT, a simple yet effective TTA framework that consists of two components: (1) domain-specific block selection and (2) pseudo-label generation using paired-view images. Specifically, we select blocks that involve domain-specific feature extraction and train these blocks by entropy minimization. After blocks are adjusted for current test domain, we generate pseudo-labels by averaging given test images and corresponding flipped counterparts. By simply using flip augmentation, we prevent a decrease in the quality of the pseudo-labels, which can be caused by the domain gap resulting from strong augmentation. Our experimental results demonstrate that DPLOT outperforms previous TTA methods in CIFAR10-C, CIFAR100-C, and ImageNet-C benchmarks, reducing error by up to 5.4%, 9.1%, and 2.9%, respectively. Also, we provide an extensive analysis to demonstrate effectiveness of our framework. Code is available at https://github.com/gist-ailab/domain-specific-block-selection-and-paired-view-pseudo-labeling-for-online-TTA.

PolyFit: A Peg-in-hole Assembly Framework for Unseen Polygon Shapes via Sim-to-real Adaptation

The study addresses the foundational and challenging task of peg-in-hole assembly in robotics, where misalignments caused by sensor inaccuracies and mechanical errors often result in insertion failures or jamming. This research introduces PolyFit, representing a paradigm shift by transitioning from a reinforcement learning approach to a supervised learning methodology. PolyFit is a Force/Torque (F/T)-based supervised learning framework designed for 5-DoF peg-in-hole assembly. It utilizes F/T data for accurate extrinsic pose estimation and adjusts the peg pose to rectify misalignments. Extensive training in a simulated environment involves a dataset encompassing a diverse range of peg-hole shapes, extrinsic poses, and their corresponding contact F/T readings. To enhance extrinsic pose estimation, a multi-point contact strategy is integrated into the model input, recognizing that identical F/T readings can indicate different poses. The study proposes a sim-to-real adaptation method for real-world application, using a sim-real paired dataset to enable effective generalization to complex and unseen polygon shapes. PolyFit achieves impressive peg-in-hole success rates of 97.3% and 96.3% for seen and unseen shapes in simulations, respectively. Real-world evaluations further demonstrate substantial success rates of 86.7% and 85.0%, highlighting the robustness and adaptability of the proposed method.

INSTA-BEEER: Explicit Error Estimation and Refinement for Fast and Accurate Unseen Object Instance Segmentation

Efficient and accurate segmentation of unseen objects is crucial for robotic manipulation. However, it remains challenging due to over- or under-segmentation. Although existing refinement methods can enhance the segmentation quality, they fix only minor boundary errors or are not sufficiently fast. In this work, we propose INSTAnce Boundary Explicit Error Estimation and Refinement (INSTA-BEEER), a novel refinement model that allows for adding and deleting instances and sharpening boundaries. Leveraging an error-estimation-then-refinement scheme, the model first estimates the pixel-wise boundary explicit errors: true positive, true negative, false positive, and false negative pixels of the instance boundary in the initial segmentation. It then refines the initial segmentation using these error estimates as guidance. Experiments show that the proposed model significantly enhances segmentation, achieving state-of-the-art performance. Furthermore, with a fast runtime (less than 0.1 s), the model consistently improves performance across various initial segmentation methods, making it highly suitable for practical robotic applications.

Learning to Place Unseen Objects Stably using a Large-scale Simulation

Object placement is a crucial task for robots in unstructured environments as it enables them to manipulate and arrange objects safely and efficiently. However, existing methods for object placement have limitations, such as the requirement for a complete 3D model of the object or the inability to handle complex object shapes, which restrict the applicability of robots in unstructured scenarios. In this paper, we propose an Unseen Object Placement (UOP) method that directly detects stable planes of unseen objects from a single-view and partial point cloud. We trained our model on large-scale simulation data to generalize over relationships between the shape and properties of stable planes with a 3D point cloud. We verify our approach through simulation and real-world robot experiments, demonstrating state-of-the-art performance for placing single-view and partial objects. Our UOP approach enables robots to place objects stably, even when the object's shape and properties are not fully known, providing a promising solution for object placement in unstructured environments. Our research has potential applications in various domains such as manufacturing, logistics, and home automation. Additional results can be viewed on https://sites.google.com/uop-net, and we will release our code, dataset upon publication.

Enhancing Low-resolution Face Recognition with Feature Similarity Knowledge Distillation

In this study, we introduce a feature knowledge distillation framework to improve low-resolution (LR) face recognition performance using knowledge obtained from high-resolution (HR) images. The proposed framework transfers informative features from an HR-trained network to an LR-trained network by reducing the distance between them. A cosine similarity measure was employed as a distance metric to effectively align the HR and LR features. This approach differs from conventional knowledge distillation frameworks, which use the L_p distance metrics and offer the advantage of converging well when reducing the distance between features of different resolutions. Our framework achieved a 3% improvement over the previous state-of-the-art method on the AgeDB-30 benchmark without bells and whistles, while maintaining a strong performance on HR images. The effectiveness of cosine similarity as a distance metric was validated through statistical analysis, making our approach a promising solution for real-world applications in which LR images are frequently encountered. The code and pretrained models will be publicly available on GitHub.

Block Selection Method for Using Feature Norm in Out-of-distribution Detection

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs during the inference stage is crucial for deploying neural networks in the real world. Previous methods commonly relied on the output of a network derived from the highly activated feature map. In this study, we first revealed that a norm of the feature map obtained from the other block than the last block can be a better indicator of OOD detection. Motivated by this, we propose a simple framework consisting of FeatureNorm: a norm of the feature map and NormRatio: a ratio of FeatureNorm for ID and OOD to measure the OOD detection performance of each block. In particular, to select the block that provides the largest difference between FeatureNorm of ID and FeatureNorm of OOD, we create Jigsaw puzzle images as pseudo OOD from ID training samples and calculate NormRatio, and the block with the largest value is selected. After the suitable block is selected, OOD detection with the FeatureNorm outperforms other OOD detection methods by reducing FPR95 by up to 52.77% on CIFAR10 benchmark and by up to 48.53% on ImageNet benchmark. We demonstrate that our framework can generalize to various architectures and the importance of block selection, which can improve previous OOD detection methods as well.

Teaching Where to Look: Attention Similarity Knowledge Distillation for Low Resolution Face Recognition

Deep learning has achieved outstanding performance for face recognition benchmarks, but performance reduces significantly for low resolution (LR) images. We propose an attention similarity knowledge distillation approach, which transfers attention maps obtained from a high resolution (HR) network as a teacher into an LR network as a student to boost LR recognition performance. Inspired by humans being able to approximate an object's region from an LR image based on prior knowledge obtained from HR images, we designed the knowledge distillation loss using the cosine similarity to make the student network's attention resemble the teacher network's attention. Experiments on various LR face related benchmarks confirmed the proposed method generally improved recognition performances on LR settings, outperforming state-of-the-art results by simply transferring well-constructed attention maps. The code and pretrained models are publicly available in the https://github.com/gist-ailab/teaching-where-to-look.

SleePyCo: Automatic Sleep Scoring with Feature Pyramid and Contrastive Learning

Automatic sleep scoring is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders and enables longitudinal sleep tracking in home environments. Conventionally, learning-based automatic sleep scoring on single-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) is actively studied because obtaining multi-channel signals during sleep is difficult. However, learning representation from raw EEG signals is challenging owing to the following issues: 1) sleep-related EEG patterns occur on different temporal and frequency scales and 2) sleep stages share similar EEG patterns. To address these issues, we propose a deep learning framework named SleePyCo that incorporates 1) a feature pyramid and 2) supervised contrastive learning for automatic sleep scoring. For the feature pyramid, we propose a backbone network named SleePyCo-backbone to consider multiple feature sequences on different temporal and frequency scales. Supervised contrastive learning allows the network to extract class discriminative features by minimizing the distance between intra-class features and simultaneously maximizing that between inter-class features. Comparative analyses on four public datasets demonstrate that SleePyCo consistently outperforms existing frameworks based on single-channel EEG. Extensive ablation experiments show that SleePyCo exhibits enhanced overall performance, with significant improvements in discrimination between the N1 and rapid eye movement (REM) stages.

Automatic Detection of Injection and Press Mold Parts on 2D Drawing Using Deep Neural Network

This paper proposes a method to automatically detect the key feature parts in a CAD of commercial TV and monitor using a deep neural network. We developed a deep learning pipeline that can detect the injection parts such as hook, boss, undercut and press parts such as DPS, Embo-Screwless, Embo-Burring, and EMBO in the 2D CAD drawing images. We first cropped the drawing to a specific size for the training efficiency of a deep neural network. Then, we use Cascade R-CNN to find the position of injection and press parts and use Resnet-50 to predict the orientation of the parts. Finally, we convert the position of the parts found through the cropped image to the position of the original image. As a result, we obtained detection accuracy of injection and press parts with 84.1% in AP (Average Precision), 91.2% in AR(Average Recall), 72.0% in AP, 87.0% in AR, and orientation accuracy of injection and press parts with 94.4% and 92.0%, which can facilitate the faster design in industrial product design.