LeVo 2: Stable and Melodious Song Generation via Hierarchical Representation Modeling and Progressive Post-Training

Full-length song generation must preserve coherence and musicality, render detailed vocal and accompaniment acoustics, and follow lyrics and prompts. Existing language model-based systems face a structural trade-off: mixed-token modeling preserves vocal-instrument coordination but obscures track-specific details, whereas dual-track prediction improves acoustics but requires longer sequences and weakens global planning. We present LeVo 2, a hybrid LLM-Diffusion framework for controllable full-length song generation. LeVo 2 formulates this trade-off as hierarchical modeling: LeLM first predicts mixed tokens for semantic planning, then predicts vocal and accompaniment tokens in parallel for track-specific refinement, while a diffusion-based Music Codec reconstructs full-length waveforms. A central contribution of this extended version is an aesthetics-guided training schedule for alignment. During pre-training, an automated music aesthetic evaluation framework assigns musicality-tier conditions to large-scale data, providing musicality priors before preference alignment. Progressive post-training applies SFT, large-scale offline DPO, and closed-loop semi-online DPO to separately improve generation quality, controllability, and musicality. Modular extension then trains the Track-Specific LM for acoustic refinement while preserving the aligned semantic planner. This schedule separates musicality learning, controllability alignment, and acoustic refinement, mitigating optimization conflict and the limitations of static offline preference pairs. Expert listening tests and objective evaluations show that LeVo 2 outperforms open-source baselines across six subjective dimensions, and approaches leading commercial systems on several listening metrics. Ablations validate the effects of the training strategy, aesthetics guidance, scaling, and hierarchical architecture.

Towards Hallucination-Free Music: A Reinforcement Learning Preference Optimization Framework for Reliable Song Generation

Recent advances in audio-based generative language models have accelerated AI-driven lyric-to-song generation. However, these models frequently suffer from content hallucination, producing outputs misaligned with the input lyrics and undermining musical coherence. Current supervised fine-tuning (SFT) approaches, limited by passive label-fitting, exhibit constrained self-improvement and poor hallucination mitigation. To address this core challenge, we propose a novel reinforcement learning (RL) framework leveraging preference optimization for hallucination control. Our key contributions include: (1) Developing a robust hallucination preference dataset constructed via phoneme error rate (PER) computation and rule-based filtering to capture alignment with human expectations; (2) Implementing and evaluating three distinct preference optimization strategies within the RL framework: Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), and Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). DPO operates off-policy to enhance positive token likelihood, achieving a significant 7.4% PER reduction. PPO and GRPO employ an on-policy approach, training a PER-based reward model to iteratively optimize sequences via reward maximization and KL-regularization, yielding PER reductions of 4.9% and 4.7%, respectively. Comprehensive objective and subjective evaluations confirm that our methods effectively suppress hallucinations while preserving musical quality. Crucially, this work presents a systematic, RL-based solution to hallucination control in lyric-to-song generation. The framework's transferability also unlocks potential for music style adherence and musicality enhancement, opening new avenues for future generative song research.

LeVo: High-Quality Song Generation with Multi-Preference Alignment

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) and audio language models have significantly improved music generation, particularly in lyrics-to-song generation. However, existing approaches still struggle with the complex composition of songs and the scarcity of high-quality data, leading to limitations in sound quality, musicality, instruction following, and vocal-instrument harmony. To address these challenges, we introduce LeVo, an LM-based framework consisting of LeLM and a music codec. LeLM is capable of parallelly modeling two types of tokens: mixed tokens, which represent the combined audio of vocals and accompaniment to achieve vocal-instrument harmony, and dual-track tokens, which separately encode vocals and accompaniment for high-quality song generation. It employs two decoder-only transformers and a modular extension training strategy to prevent interference between different token types. To further enhance musicality and instruction following, we introduce a multi-preference alignment method based on Direct Preference Optimization (DPO). This method handles diverse human preferences through a semi-automatic data construction process and DPO post-training. Experimental results demonstrate that LeVo consistently outperforms existing methods on both objective and subjective metrics. Ablation studies further justify the effectiveness of our designs. Audio examples are available at https://levo-demo.github.io/.