An Ensemble Method Based on the Combination of Transformers with Convolutional Neural Networks to Detect Artificially Generated Text

Thanks to the state-of-the-art Large Language Models (LLMs), language generation has reached outstanding levels. These models are capable of generating high quality content, thus making it a challenging task to detect generated text from human-written content. Despite the advantages provided by Natural Language Generation, the inability to distinguish automatically generated text can raise ethical concerns in terms of authenticity. Consequently, it is important to design and develop methodologies to detect artificial content. In our work, we present some classification models constructed by ensembling transformer models such as Sci-BERT, DeBERTa and XLNet, with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Our experiments demonstrate that the considered ensemble architectures surpass the performance of the individual transformer models for classification. Furthermore, the proposed SciBERT-CNN ensemble model produced an F1-score of 98.36% on the ALTA shared task 2023 data.

Word Sense Induction with Hierarchical Clustering and Mutual Information Maximization

Word sense induction (WSI) is a difficult problem in natural language processing that involves the unsupervised automatic detection of a word's senses (i.e. meanings). Recent work achieves significant results on the WSI task by pre-training a language model that can exclusively disambiguate word senses, whereas others employ previously pre-trained language models in conjunction with additional strategies to induce senses. In this paper, we propose a novel unsupervised method based on hierarchical clustering and invariant information clustering (IIC). The IIC is used to train a small model to optimize the mutual information between two vector representations of a target word occurring in a pair of synthetic paraphrases. This model is later used in inference mode to extract a higher quality vector representation to be used in the hierarchical clustering. We evaluate our method on two WSI tasks and in two distinct clustering configurations (fixed and dynamic number of clusters). We empirically demonstrate that, in certain cases, our approach outperforms prior WSI state-of-the-art methods, while in others, it achieves a competitive performance.

A Benchmark Corpus for the Detection of Automatically Generated Text in Academic Publications

Automatic text generation based on neural language models has achieved performance levels that make the generated text almost indistinguishable from those written by humans. Despite the value that text generation can have in various applications, it can also be employed for malicious tasks. The diffusion of such practices represent a threat to the quality of academic publishing. To address these problems, we propose in this paper two datasets comprised of artificially generated research content: a completely synthetic dataset and a partial text substitution dataset. In the first case, the content is completely generated by the GPT-2 model after a short prompt extracted from original papers. The partial or hybrid dataset is created by replacing several sentences of abstracts with sentences that are generated by the Arxiv-NLP model. We evaluate the quality of the datasets comparing the generated texts to aligned original texts using fluency metrics such as BLEU and ROUGE. The more natural the artificial texts seem, the more difficult they are to detect and the better is the benchmark. We also evaluate the difficulty of the task of distinguishing original from generated text by using state-of-the-art classification models.

Generating Knowledge Graphs by Employing Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning Techniques within the Scholarly Domain

The continuous growth of scientific literature brings innovations and, at the same time, raises new challenges. One of them is related to the fact that its analysis has become difficult due to the high volume of published papers for which manual effort for annotations and management is required. Novel technological infrastructures are needed to help researchers, research policy makers, and companies to time-efficiently browse, analyse, and forecast scientific research. Knowledge graphs i.e., large networks of entities and relationships, have proved to be effective solution in this space. Scientific knowledge graphs focus on the scholarly domain and typically contain metadata describing research publications such as authors, venues, organizations, research topics, and citations. However, the current generation of knowledge graphs lacks of an explicit representation of the knowledge presented in the research papers. As such, in this paper, we present a new architecture that takes advantage of Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning methods for extracting entities and relationships from research publications and integrates them in a large-scale knowledge graph. Within this research work, we i) tackle the challenge of knowledge extraction by employing several state-of-the-art Natural Language Processing and Text Mining tools, ii) describe an approach for integrating entities and relationships generated by these tools, iii) show the advantage of such an hybrid system over alternative approaches, and vi) as a chosen use case, we generated a scientific knowledge graph including 109,105 triples, extracted from 26,827 abstracts of papers within the Semantic Web domain. As our approach is general and can be applied to any domain, we expect that it can facilitate the management, analysis, dissemination, and processing of scientific knowledge.

TexTrolls: Identifying Russian Trolls on Twitter from a Textual Perspective

The online new emerging suspicious users, that usually are called trolls, are one of the main sources of hate, fake, and deceptive online messages. Some agendas are utilizing these harmful users to spread incitement tweets, and as a consequence, the audience get deceived. The challenge in detecting such accounts is that they conceal their identities which make them disguised in social media, adding more difficulty to identify them using just their social network information. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a text-based approach to detect the online trolls such as those that were discovered during the US 2016 presidential elections. Our approach is mainly based on textual features which utilize thematic information, and profiling features to identify the accounts from their way of writing tweets. We deduced the thematic information in a unsupervised way and we show that coupling them with the textual features enhanced the performance of the proposed model. In addition, we find that the proposed profiling features perform the best comparing to the textual features.