THz Beam Squint Mitigation via 3D Rotatable Antennas

Analog beamforming holds great potential for future terahertz (THz) communications due to its ability to generate high-gain directional beams with low-cost phase shifters.However, conventional analog beamforming may suffer substantial performance degradation in wideband systems due to the beam-squint effects. Instead of relying on high-cost true time delayers, we propose in this paper an efficient three-dimensional (3D) rotatable antenna technology to mitigate the beam-squint effects, motivated by the fact that beam squint disappears along the boresight direction. In particular, we focus on a wideband wide-beam coverage problem in this paper, aiming to maximize the minimum beamforming gain within a given angle and frequency range by jointly optimizing the analog beamforming vector and the 3D rotation angles of the antenna array. However, this problem is non-convex and difficult to be optimally solved due to the coupling of the spatial and frequency domains and that of the antenna weights and rotation. To tackle this issue, we first reformulate the problem into an equivalent form by merging the spatial and frequency domains into a single composite domain. Next, we combine alternating optimization (AO) and successive convex approximation (SCA) algorithms to optimize the analog beamforming and rotation angles within this composite domain. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can significantly outperform conventional schemes without antenna rotation, thus offering a cost-effective solution for wideband transmission over THz bands.