DriveAction: A Benchmark for Exploring Human-like Driving Decisions in VLA Models

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have advanced autonomous driving, but existing benchmarks still lack scenario diversity, reliable action-level annotation, and evaluation protocols aligned with human preferences. To address these limitations, we introduce DriveAction, the first action-driven benchmark specifically designed for VLA models, comprising 16,185 QA pairs generated from 2,610 driving scenarios. DriveAction leverages real-world driving data proactively collected by users of production-level autonomous vehicles to ensure broad and representative scenario coverage, offers high-level discrete action labels collected directly from users' actual driving operations, and implements an action-rooted tree-structured evaluation framework that explicitly links vision, language, and action tasks, supporting both comprehensive and task-specific assessment. Our experiments demonstrate that state-of-the-art vision-language models (VLMs) require both vision and language guidance for accurate action prediction: on average, accuracy drops by 3.3% without vision input, by 4.1% without language input, and by 8.0% without either. Our evaluation supports precise identification of model bottlenecks with robust and consistent results, thus providing new insights and a rigorous foundation for advancing human-like decisions in autonomous driving.

ImplicitCell: Resolution Cell Modeling of Joint Implicit Volume Reconstruction and Pose Refinement in Freehand 3D Ultrasound

Freehand 3D ultrasound enables volumetric imaging by tracking a conventional ultrasound probe during freehand scanning, offering enriched spatial information that improves clinical diagnosis. However, the quality of reconstructed volumes is often compromised by tracking system noise and irregular probe movements, leading to artifacts in the final reconstruction. To address these challenges, we propose ImplicitCell, a novel framework that integrates Implicit Neural Representation (INR) with an ultrasound resolution cell model for joint optimization of volume reconstruction and pose refinement. Three distinct datasets are used for comprehensive validation, including phantom, common carotid artery, and carotid atherosclerosis. Experimental results demonstrate that ImplicitCell significantly reduces reconstruction artifacts and improves volume quality compared to existing methods, particularly in challenging scenarios with noisy tracking data. These improvements enhance the clinical utility of freehand 3D ultrasound by providing more reliable and precise diagnostic information.

Automatic Diagnosis of Carotid Atherosclerosis Using a Portable Freehand 3D Ultrasound Imaging System

Objective: The objective of this study is to develop a deep-learning based detection and diagnosis technique for carotid atherosclerosis using a portable freehand 3D ultrasound (US) imaging system. Methods: A total of 127 3D carotid artery datasets were acquired using a portable 3D US imaging system. A U-Net segmentation network was firstly applied to extract the carotid artery on 2D transverse frame, then a novel 3D reconstruction algorithm using fast dot projection (FDP) method with position regularization was proposed to reconstruct the carotid artery volume. Furthermore, a convolutional neural network was used to classify the healthy case and diseased case qualitatively. 3D volume analysis including longitudinal reprojection algorithm and stenosis grade measurement algorithm was developed to obtain the clinical metrics quantitatively. Results: The proposed system achieved sensitivity of 0.714, specificity of 0.851 and accuracy of 0.803 respectively in diagnosis of carotid atherosclerosis. The automatically measured stenosis grade illustrated good correlation (r=0.762) with the experienced expert measurement. Conclusion: the developed technique based on 3D US imaging can be applied to the automatic diagnosis of carotid atherosclerosis. Significance: The proposed deep-learning based technique was specially designed for a portable 3D freehand US system, which can provide carotid atherosclerosis examination more conveniently and decrease the dependence on clinician's experience.