Deepfake histological images for enhancing digital pathology

An optical microscopic examination of thinly cut stained tissue on glass slides prepared from a FFPE tissue blocks is the gold standard for tissue diagnostics. In addition, the diagnostic abilities and expertise of any pathologist is dependent on their direct experience with common as well as rarer variant morphologies. Recently, deep learning approaches have been used to successfully show a high level of accuracy for such tasks. However, obtaining expert-level annotated images is an expensive and time-consuming task and artificially synthesized histological images can prove greatly beneficial. Here, we present an approach to not only generate histological images that reproduce the diagnostic morphologic features of common disease but also provide a user ability to generate new and rare morphologies. Our approach involves developing a generative adversarial network model that synthesizes pathology images constrained by class labels. We investigated the ability of this framework in synthesizing realistic prostate and colon tissue images and assessed the utility of these images in augmenting diagnostic ability of machine learning methods as well as their usability by a panel of experienced anatomic pathologists. Synthetic data generated by our framework performed similar to real data in training a deep learning model for diagnosis. Pathologists were not able to distinguish between real and synthetic images and showed a similar level of inter-observer agreement for prostate cancer grading. We extended the approach to significantly more complex images from colon biopsies and showed that the complex microenvironment in such tissues can also be reproduced. Finally, we present the ability for a user to generate deepfake histological images via a simple markup of sematic labels.

A generative adversarial approach to facilitate archival-quality histopathologic diagnoses from frozen tissue sections

In clinical diagnostics and research involving histopathology, formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue is almost universally favored for its superb image quality. However, tissue processing time (more than 24 hours) can slow decision-making. In contrast, fresh frozen (FF) processing (less than 1 hour) can yield rapid information but diagnostic accuracy is suboptimal due to lack of clearing, morphologic deformation and more frequent artifacts. Here, we bridge this gap using artificial intelligence. We synthesize FFPE-like images ,virtual FFPE, from FF images using a generative adversarial network (GAN) from 98 paired kidney samples derived from 40 patients. Five board-certified pathologists evaluated the results in a blinded test. Image quality of the virtual FFPE data was assessed to be high and showed a close resemblance to real FFPE images. Clinical assessments of disease on the virtual FFPE images showed a higher inter-observer agreement compared to FF images. The nearly instantaneously generated virtual FFPE images can not only reduce time to information but can facilitate more precise diagnosis from routine FF images without extraneous costs and effort.

A deep learning framework for morphologic detail beyond the diffraction limit in infrared spectroscopic imaging

Infrared (IR) microscopes measure spectral information that quantifies molecular content to assign the identity of biomedical cells but lack the spatial quality of optical microscopy to appreciate morphologic features. Here, we propose a method to utilize the semantic information of cellular identity from IR imaging with the morphologic detail of pathology images in a deep learning-based approach to image super-resolution. Using Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), we enhance the spatial detail in IR imaging beyond the diffraction limit while retaining their spectral contrast. This technique can be rapidly integrated with modern IR microscopes to provide a framework useful for routine pathology.

Freeform Assembly Planning

3D printing enables the fabrication of complex architectures by automating long sequences of additive steps. The increasing sophistication of printers, materials, and generative design promises to make geometric complexity a non-issue in manufacturing; however, this complexity can only be realized if a design can be translated into a physically executable sequence of printing operations. We investigate this planning problem for freeform direct-write assembly, in which filaments of material are deposited through a nozzle translating along a 3D path to create sparse, frame-like structures. We enumerate the process constraints for different variants of the freeform assembly process and show that, in the case where material stiffens via a glass transition, determining whether a feasible sequence exists is NP-complete. Nonetheless, for topologies typically encountered in real-world applications, finding a feasible or even optimal sequence is a tractable problem. We develop a sequencing algorithm that maximizes the fidelity of the printed part and minimizes the probability of print failure by modeling the assembly as a linear, elastic frame. We implement the algorithm and validate our approach experimentally, printing objects composed of thousands of sugar alcohol filaments with diameters of 100-200 microns. The assembly planner allows the freeform process to be applied to arbitrarily complex parts, from tissue engineering and microfluidics at the micrometer scale, to vascularized functional materials and soft robots at the millimeter scale, to structural components at the meter scale, thus opening a variety of assembly possibilities.