Multilingual Idioms in Sentences and Conversations Across High-, Medium-, and Low-Resource Languages

Idiomatic expressions pose a major challenge for multilingual NLP because their meanings shift between figurative and literal usage, often requiring context for accurate interpretation. Prior work has focused on high-resource languages typically evaluates isolated idiom-meaning questions, overlooking realistic discourse. We introduce MIDI, a multilingual idiom dataset spanning 3 high-, 3 medium-, and 12 low-resource languages, curated by native speakers. Unlike previous datasets, MIDI provides idioms embedded in both sentence-level and conversational contexts, capturing both literal and figurative readings. Benchmarking state-of-the-art models shows that idiom comprehension degrades in low-resource languages and that, in all resource tiers, literal interpretations are substantially harder than figurative ones. Conversational context improves performance but does not eliminate these disparities. Through controlled tests and interventions on hidden representations, we further separate memorization from reasoning, exposing core limitations of current models.

Emergence of Primacy and Recency Effect in Mamba: A Mechanistic Point of View

We study memory in state-space language models using primacy and recency effects as behavioral tools to uncover how information is retained and forgotten over time. Applying structured recall tasks to the Mamba architecture, we observe a consistent U-shaped accuracy profile, indicating strong performance at the beginning and end of input sequences. We identify three mechanisms that give rise to this pattern. First, long-term memory is supported by a sparse subset of channels within the model's selective state space block, which persistently encode early input tokens and are causally linked to primacy effects. Second, short-term memory is governed by delta-modulated recurrence: recent inputs receive more weight due to exponential decay, but this recency advantage collapses when distractor items are introduced, revealing a clear limit to memory depth. Third, we find that memory allocation is dynamically modulated by semantic regularity: repeated relations in the input sequence shift the delta gating behavior, increasing the tendency to forget intermediate items. We validate these findings via targeted ablations and input perturbations on two large-scale Mamba-based language models: one with 1.4B and another with 7B parameters.