A Gradient-Optimized TSK Fuzzy Framework for Explainable Phishing Detection

Phishing attacks represent an increasingly sophisticated and pervasive threat to individuals and organizations, causing significant financial losses, identity theft, and severe damage to institutional reputations. Existing phishing detection methods often struggle to simultaneously achieve high accuracy and explainability, either failing to detect novel attacks or operating as opaque black-box models. To address this critical gap, we propose a novel phishing URL detection system based on a first-order Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) fuzzy inference model optimized through gradient-based techniques. Our approach intelligently combines the interpretability and human-like reasoning capabilities of fuzzy logic with the precision and adaptability provided by gradient optimization methods, specifically leveraging the Adam optimizer for efficient parameter tuning. Experiments conducted using a comprehensive dataset of over 235,000 URLs demonstrate rapid convergence, exceptional predictive performance (accuracy averaging 99.95% across 5 cross-validation folds, with a perfect AUC i.e. 1.00). Furthermore, optimized fuzzy rules and membership functions improve interoperability, clearly indicating how the model makes decisions - an essential feature for cybersecurity applications. This high-performance, transparent, and interpretable phishing detection framework significantly advances current cybersecurity defenses, providing practitioners with accurate and explainable decision-making tools.

Fuzzy-RRT for Obstacle Avoidance in a 2-DOF Semi-Autonomous Surgical Robotic Arm

AI-driven semi-autonomous robotic surgery is essential for addressing the medical challenges of long-duration interplanetary missions, where limited crew sizes and communication delays restrict traditional surgical approaches. Current robotic surgery systems require full surgeon control, demanding extensive expertise and limiting feasibility in space. We propose a novel adaptation of the Fuzzy Rapidly-exploring Random Tree algorithm for obstacle avoidance and collaborative control in a two-degree-of-freedom robotic arm modeled on the Miniaturized Robotic-Assisted surgical system. It was found that the Fuzzy Rapidly-exploring Random Tree algorithm resulted in an 743 percent improvement to path search time and 43 percent improvement to path cost.

Gradient-Optimized Fuzzy Classifier: A Benchmark Study Against State-of-the-Art Models

This paper presents a performance benchmarking study of a Gradient-Optimized Fuzzy Inference System (GF) classifier against several state-of-the-art machine learning models, including Random Forest, XGBoost, Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machines, and Neural Networks. The evaluation was conducted across five datasets from the UCI Machine Learning Repository, each chosen for their diversity in input types, class distributions, and classification complexity. Unlike traditional Fuzzy Inference Systems that rely on derivative-free optimization methods, the GF leverages gradient descent to significantly improving training efficiency and predictive performance. Results demonstrate that the GF model achieved competitive, and in several cases superior, classification accuracy while maintaining high precision and exceptionally low training times. In particular, the GF exhibited strong consistency across folds and datasets, underscoring its robustness in handling noisy data and variable feature sets. These findings support the potential of gradient optimized fuzzy systems as interpretable, efficient, and adaptable alternatives to more complex deep learning models in supervised learning tasks.

A Genetic Fuzzy-Enabled Framework on Robotic Manipulation for In-Space Servicing

Automation of robotic systems for servicing in cislunar space is becoming extremely important as the number of satellites in orbit increases. Safety is critical in performing satellite maintenance, so the control techniques utilized must be trusted in addition to being highly efficient. In this work, Genetic Fuzzy Trees are combined with the widely used LQR control scheme via Thales' TrUE AI Toolkit to create a trusted and efficient controller for a two-degree-of-freedom planar robotic manipulator that would theoretically be used to perform satellite maintenance. It was found that Genetic Fuzzy-LQR is 18.5% more performant than optimal LQR on average, and that it is incredibly robust to uncertainty.

Fuzzy Logic -- Based Scheduling System for Part-Time Workforce

This paper explores the application of genetic fuzzy systems to efficiently generate schedules for a team of part-time student workers at a university. Given the preferred number of working hours and availability of employees, our model generates feasible solutions considering various factors, such as maximum weekly hours, required number of workers on duty, and the preferred number of working hours. The algorithm is trained and tested with availability data collected from students at the University of Cincinnati. The results demonstrate the algorithm's efficiency in producing schedules that meet operational criteria and its robustness in understaffed conditions.

Jailbreak Detection in Clinical Training LLMs Using Feature-Based Predictive Models

Jailbreaking in Large Language Models (LLMs) threatens their safe use in sensitive domains like education by allowing users to bypass ethical safeguards. This study focuses on detecting jailbreaks in 2-Sigma, a clinical education platform that simulates patient interactions using LLMs. We annotated over 2,300 prompts across 158 conversations using four linguistic variables shown to correlate strongly with jailbreak behavior. The extracted features were used to train several predictive models, including Decision Trees, Fuzzy Logic-based classifiers, Boosting methods, and Logistic Regression. Results show that feature-based predictive models consistently outperformed Prompt Engineering, with the Fuzzy Decision Tree achieving the best overall performance. Our findings demonstrate that linguistic-feature-based models are effective and explainable alternatives for jailbreak detection. We suggest future work explore hybrid frameworks that integrate prompt-based flexibility with rule-based robustness for real-time, spectrum-based jailbreak monitoring in educational LLMs.

Explainable AI Insights for Symbolic Computation: A case study on selecting the variable ordering for cylindrical algebraic decomposition

In recent years there has been increased use of machine learning (ML) techniques within mathematics, including symbolic computation where it may be applied safely to optimise or select algorithms. This paper explores whether using explainable AI (XAI) techniques on such ML models can offer new insight for symbolic computation, inspiring new implementations within computer algebra systems that do not directly call upon AI tools. We present a case study on the use of ML to select the variable ordering for cylindrical algebraic decomposition. It has already been demonstrated that ML can make the choice well, but here we show how the SHAP tool for explainability can be used to inform new heuristics of a size and complexity similar to those human-designed heuristics currently commonly used in symbolic computation.

Comparison Between Genetic Fuzzy Methodology and Q-learning for Collaborative Control Design

A comparison between two machine learning approaches viz., Genetic Fuzzy Methodology and Q-learning, is presented in this paper. The approaches are used to model controllers for a set of collaborative robots that need to work together to bring an object to a target position. The robots are fixed and are attached to the object through elastic cables. A major constraint considered in this problem is that the robots cannot communicate with each other. This means that at any instant, each robot has no motion or control information of the other robots and it can only pull or release its cable based only on the motion states of the object. This decentralized control problem provides a good example to test the capabilities and restrictions of these two machine learning approaches. The system is first trained using a set of training scenarios and then applied to an extensive test set to check the generalization achieved by each method.

Quaternion Feedback Based Autonomous Control of a Quadcopter UAV with Thrust Vectoring Rotors

In this paper, we present an autonomous flight controller for a quadcopter with thrust vectoring capabilities. This UAV falls in the category of multirotors with tilt-motion enabled rotors. Since the vehicle considered is over-actuated in nature, the dynamics and control allocation have to be analysed carefully. Moreover, the possibility of hovering at large attitude maneuvers of this novel vehicle requires singularity-free attitude control. Hence, quaternion state feedback is utilized to compute the control commands for the UAV motors while avoiding the gimbal lock condition experienced by Euler angle based controllers. The quaternion implementation also reduces the overall complexity of state estimation due to absence of trigonometric parameters. The quadcopter dynamic model and state space is utilized to design the attitude controller and control allocation for the UAV. The control allocation, in particular, is derived by linearizing the system about hover condition. This mathematical method renders the control allocation more accurate than existing approaches. Lyapunov stability analysis of the attitude controller is shown to prove global stability. The quaternion feedback attitude controller is commanded by an outer position controller loop which generates rotor-tilt and desired quaternions commands for the system. The performance of the UAV is evaluated by numerical simulations for tracking attitude step commands and for following a way-point navigation mission.