Multi-Scale Deformable Transformers for Student Learning Behavior Detection in Smart Classroom

The integration of Artificial Intelligence into the modern educational system is rapidly evolving, particularly in monitoring student behavior in classrooms, a task traditionally dependent on manual observation. This conventional method is notably inefficient, prompting a shift toward more advanced solutions like computer vision. However, existing target detection models face significant challenges such as occlusion, blurring, and scale disparity, which are exacerbated by the dynamic and complex nature of classroom settings. Furthermore, these models must adeptly handle multiple target detection. To overcome these obstacles, we introduce the Student Learning Behavior Detection with Multi-Scale Deformable Transformers (SCB-DETR), an innovative approach that utilizes large convolutional kernels for upstream feature extraction, and multi-scale feature fusion. This technique significantly improves the detection capabilities for multi-scale and occluded targets, offering a robust solution for analyzing student behavior. SCB-DETR establishes an end-to-end framework that simplifies the detection process and consistently outperforms other deep learning methods. Employing our custom Student Classroom Behavior (SCBehavior) Dataset, SCB-DETR achieves a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 0.626, which is a 1.5% improvement over the baseline model's mAP and a 6% increase in AP50. These results demonstrate SCB-DETR's superior performance in handling the uneven distribution of student behaviors and ensuring precise detection in dynamic classroom environments.

DSARSR: Deep Stacked Auto-encoders Enhanced Robust Speaker Recognition

Speaker recognition is a biometric modality that utilizes the speaker's speech segments to recognize the identity, determining whether the test speaker belongs to one of the enrolled speakers. In order to improve the robustness of the i-vector framework on cross-channel conditions and explore the nova method for applying deep learning to speaker recognition, the Stacked Auto-encoders are used to get the abstract extraction of the i-vector instead of applying PLDA. After pre-processing and feature extraction, the speaker and channel-independent speeches are employed for UBM training. The UBM is then used to extract the i-vector of the enrollment and test speech. Unlike the traditional i-vector framework, which uses linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to reduce dimension and increase the discrimination between speaker subspaces, this research use stacked auto-encoders to reconstruct the i-vector with lower dimension and different classifiers can be chosen to achieve final classification. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves better performance than the state-of-the-art method.

Learning Behavior Recognition in Smart Classroom with Multiple Students Based on YOLOv5

Deep learning-based computer vision technology has grown stronger in recent years, and cross-fertilization using computer vision technology has been a popular direction in recent years. The use of computer vision technology to identify students' learning behavior in the classroom can reduce the workload of traditional teachers in supervising students in the classroom, and ensure greater accuracy and comprehensiveness. However, existing student learning behavior detection systems are unable to track and detect multiple targets precisely, and the accuracy of learning behavior recognition is not high enough to meet the existing needs for the accurate recognition of student behavior in the classroom. To solve this problem, we propose a YOLOv5s network structure based on you only look once (YOLO) algorithm to recognize and analyze students' classroom behavior in this paper. Firstly, the input images taken in the smart classroom are pre-processed. Then, the pre-processed image is fed into the designed YOLOv5 networks to extract deep features through convolutional layers, and the Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) attention detection mechanism is applied to reduce the weight of background information in the recognition process. Finally, the extracted features are classified by the Feature Pyramid Networks (FPN) and Path Aggregation Network (PAN) structures. Multiple groups of experiments were performed to compare with traditional learning behavior recognition methods to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. When compared with YOLOv4, the proposed method is able to improve the mAP performance by 11%.

Graph Neural Networks Enhanced Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection of Educational Blockchain

With the development of blockchain technology, more and more attention has been paid to the intersection of blockchain and education, and various educational evaluation systems and E-learning systems are developed based on blockchain technology. Among them, Ethereum smart contract is favored by developers for its ``event-triggered" mechanism for building education intelligent trading systems and intelligent learning platforms. However, due to the immutability of blockchain, published smart contracts cannot be modified, so problematic contracts cannot be fixed by modifying the code in the educational blockchain. In recent years, security incidents due to smart contract vulnerabilities have caused huge property losses, so the detection of smart contract vulnerabilities in educational blockchain has become a great challenge. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a graph neural network (GNN) based vulnerability detection for smart contracts in educational blockchains. Firstly, the bytecodes are decompiled to get the opcode. Secondly, the basic blocks are divided, and the edges between the basic blocks according to the opcode execution logic are added. Then, the control flow graphs (CFG) are built. Finally, we designed a GNN-based model for vulnerability detection. The experimental results show that the proposed method is effective for the vulnerability detection of smart contracts. Compared with the traditional approaches, it can get good results with fewer layers of the GCN model, which shows that the contract bytecode and GCN model are efficient in vulnerability detection.

End-to-end Recording Device Identification Based on Deep Representation Learning

Deep learning techniques have achieved specific results in recording device source identification. The recording device source features include spatial information and certain temporal information. However, most recording device source identification methods based on deep learning only use spatial representation learning from recording device source features, which cannot make full use of recording device source information. Therefore, in this paper, to fully explore the spatial information and temporal information of recording device source, we propose a new method for recording device source identification based on the fusion of spatial feature information and temporal feature information by using an end-to-end framework. From a feature perspective, we designed two kinds of networks to extract recording device source spatial and temporal information. Afterward, we use the attention mechanism to adaptively assign the weight of spatial information and temporal information to obtain fusion features. From a model perspective, our model uses an end-to-end framework to learn the deep representation from spatial feature and temporal feature and train using deep and shallow loss to joint optimize our network. This method is compared with our previous work and baseline system. The results show that the proposed method is better than our previous work and baseline system under general conditions.

JSRNN: Joint Sampling and Reconstruction Neural Networks for High Quality Image Compressed Sensing

Most Deep Learning (DL) based Compressed Sensing (DCS) algorithms adopt a single neural network for signal reconstruction, and fail to jointly consider the influences of the sampling operation for reconstruction. In this paper, we propose unified framework, which jointly considers the sampling and reconstruction process for image compressive sensing based on well-designed cascade neural networks. Two sub-networks, which are the sampling sub-network and the reconstruction sub-network, are included in the proposed framework. In the sampling sub-network, an adaptive full connected layer instead of the traditional random matrix is used to mimic the sampling operator. In the reconstruction sub-network, a cascade network combining stacked denoising autoencoder (SDA) and convolutional neural network (CNN) is designed to reconstruct signals. The SDA is used to solve the signal mapping problem and the signals are initially reconstructed. Furthermore, CNN is used to fully recover the structure and texture features of the image to obtain better reconstruction performance. Extensive experiments show that this framework outperforms many other state-of-the-art methods, especially at low sampling rates.

Audio Tampering Detection Based on Shallow and Deep Feature Representation Learning

Digital audio tampering detection can be used to verify the authenticity of digital audio. However, most current methods use standard electronic network frequency (ENF) databases for visual comparison analysis of ENF continuity of digital audio or perform feature extraction for classification by machine learning methods. ENF databases are usually tricky to obtain, visual methods have weak feature representation, and machine learning methods have more information loss in features, resulting in low detection accuracy. This paper proposes a fusion method of shallow and deep features to fully use ENF information by exploiting the complementary nature of features at different levels to more accurately describe the changes in inconsistency produced by tampering operations to raw digital audio. The method achieves 97.03% accuracy on three classic databases: Carioca 1, Carioca 2, and New Spanish. In addition, we have achieved an accuracy of 88.31% on the newly constructed database GAUDI-DI. Experimental results show that the proposed method is superior to the state-of-the-art method.

Image Compressed Sensing with Multi-scale Dilated Convolutional Neural Network

Deep Learning (DL) based Compressed Sensing (CS) has been applied for better performance of image reconstruction than traditional CS methods. However, most existing DL methods utilize the block-by-block measurement and each measurement block is restored separately, which introduces harmful blocking effects for reconstruction. Furthermore, the neuronal receptive fields of those methods are designed to be the same size in each layer, which can only collect single-scale spatial information and has a negative impact on the reconstruction process. This paper proposes a novel framework named Multi-scale Dilated Convolution Neural Network (MsDCNN) for CS measurement and reconstruction. During the measurement period, we directly obtain all measurements from a trained measurement network, which employs fully convolutional structures and is jointly trained with the reconstruction network from the input image. It needn't be cut into blocks, which effectively avoids the block effect. During the reconstruction period, we propose the Multi-scale Feature Extraction (MFE) architecture to imitate the human visual system to capture multi-scale features from the same feature map, which enhances the image feature extraction ability of the framework and improves the performance of image reconstruction. In the MFE, there are multiple parallel convolution channels to obtain multi-scale feature information. Then the multi-scale features information is fused and the original image is reconstructed with high quality. Our experimental results show that the proposed method performs favorably against the state-of-the-art methods in terms of PSNR and SSIM.

Digital Audio Tampering Detection Based on ENF Spatio-temporal Features Representation Learning

Most digital audio tampering detection methods based on electrical network frequency (ENF) only utilize the static spatial information of ENF, ignoring the variation of ENF in time series, which limit the ability of ENF feature representation and reduce the accuracy of tampering detection. This paper proposes a new method for digital audio tampering detection based on ENF spatio-temporal features representation learning. A parallel spatio-temporal network model is constructed using CNN and BiLSTM, which deeply extracts ENF spatial feature information and ENF temporal feature information to enhance the feature representation capability to improve the tampering detection accuracy. In order to extract the spatial and temporal features of the ENF, this paper firstly uses digital audio high-precision Discrete Fourier Transform analysis to extract the phase sequences of the ENF. The unequal phase series is divided into frames by adaptive frame shifting to obtain feature matrices of the same size to represent the spatial features of the ENF. At the same time, the phase sequences are divided into frames based on ENF time changes information to represent the temporal features of the ENF. Then deep spatial and temporal features are further extracted using CNN and BiLSTM respectively, and an attention mechanism is used to adaptively assign weights to the deep spatial and temporal features to obtain spatio-temporal features with stronger representation capability. Finally, the deep neural network is used to determine whether the audio has been tampered with. The experimental results show that the proposed method improves the accuracy by 2.12%-7.12% compared with state-of-the-art methods under the public database Carioca, New Spanish.

Spatio-Temporal Representation Learning Enhanced Source Cell-phone Recognition from Speech Recordings

The existing source cell-phone recognition method lacks the long-term feature characterization of the source device, resulting in inaccurate representation of the source cell-phone related features which leads to insufficient recognition accuracy. In this paper, we propose a source cell-phone recognition method based on spatio-temporal representation learning, which includes two main parts: extraction of sequential Gaussian mean matrix features and construction of a recognition model based on spatio-temporal representation learning. In the feature extraction part, based on the analysis of time-series representation of recording source signals, we extract sequential Gaussian mean matrix with long-term and short-term representation ability by using the sensitivity of Gaussian mixture model to data distribution. In the model construction part, we design a structured spatio-temporal representation learning network C3D-BiLSTM to fully characterize the spatio-temporal information, combine 3D convolutional network and bidirectional long short-term memory network for short-term spectral information and long-time fluctuation information representation learning, and achieve accurate recognition of cell-phones by fusing spatio-temporal feature information of recording source signals. The method achieves an average accuracy of 99.03% for the closed-set recognition of 45 cell-phones under the CCNU\_Mobile dataset, and 98.18% in small sample size experiments, with recognition performance better than the existing state-of-the-art methods. The experimental results show that the method exhibits excellent recognition performance in multi-class cell-phones recognition.