A Comprehensive Survey of Document-level Relation Extraction (2016-2023)

Document-level relation extraction (DocRE) is an active area of research in natural language processing (NLP) concerned with identifying and extracting relationships between entities beyond sentence boundaries. Compared to the more traditional sentence-level relation extraction, DocRE provides a broader context for analysis and is more challenging because it involves identifying relationships that may span multiple sentences or paragraphs. This task has gained increased interest as a viable solution to build and populate knowledge bases automatically from unstructured large-scale documents (e.g., scientific papers, legal contracts, or news articles), in order to have a better understanding of relationships between entities. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in this field, highlighting its different applications in comparison to sentence-level relation extraction.

Yes but.. Can ChatGPT Identify Entities in Historical Documents?

Large language models (LLMs) have been leveraged for several years now, obtaining state-of-the-art performance in recognizing entities from modern documents. For the last few months, the conversational agent ChatGPT has "prompted" a lot of interest in the scientific community and public due to its capacity of generating plausible-sounding answers. In this paper, we explore this ability by probing it in the named entity recognition and classification (NERC) task in primary sources (e.g., historical newspapers and classical commentaries) in a zero-shot manner and by comparing it with state-of-the-art LM-based systems. Our findings indicate several shortcomings in identifying entities in historical text that range from the consistency of entity annotation guidelines, entity complexity, and code-switching, to the specificity of prompting. Moreover, as expected, the inaccessibility of historical archives to the public (and thus on the Internet) also impacts its performance.

Extending Text Informativeness Measures to Passage Interestingness Evaluation (Language Model vs. Word Embedding)

Standard informativeness measures used to evaluate Automatic Text Summarization mostly rely on n-gram overlapping between the automatic summary and the reference summaries. These measures differ from the metric they use (cosine, ROUGE, Kullback-Leibler, Logarithm Similarity, etc.) and the bag of terms they consider (single words, word n-grams, entities, nuggets, etc.). Recent word embedding approaches offer a continuous alternative to discrete approaches based on the presence/absence of a text unit. Informativeness measures have been extended to Focus Information Retrieval evaluation involving a user's information need represented by short queries. In particular for the task of CLEF-INEX Tweet Contextualization, tweet contents have been considered as queries. In this paper we define the concept of Interestingness as a generalization of Informativeness, whereby the information need is diverse and formalized as an unknown set of implicit queries. We then study the ability of state of the art Informativeness measures to cope with this generalization. Lately we show that with this new framework, standard word embeddings outperforms discrete measures only on uni-grams, however bi-grams seems to be a key point of interestingness evaluation. Lastly we prove that the CLEF-INEX Tweet Contextualization 2012 Logarithm Similarity measure provides best results.

Audio Summarization with Audio Features and Probability Distribution Divergence

The automatic summarization of multimedia sources is an important task that facilitates the understanding of an individual by condensing the source while maintaining relevant information. In this paper we focus on audio summarization based on audio features and the probability of distribution divergence. Our method, based on an extractive summarization approach, aims to select the most relevant segments until a time threshold is reached. It takes into account the segment's length, position and informativeness value. Informativeness of each segment is obtained by mapping a set of audio features issued from its Mel-frequency Cepstral Coefficients and their corresponding Jensen-Shannon divergence score. Results over a multi-evaluator scheme shows that our approach provides understandable and informative summaries.

Étude de l'informativité des transcriptions : une approche basée sur le résumé automatique

In this paper we propose a new approach to evaluate the informativeness of transcriptions coming from Automatic Speech Recognition systems. This approach, based in the notion of informativeness, is focused on the framework of Automatic Text Summarization performed over these transcriptions. At a first glance we estimate the informative content of the various automatic transcriptions, then we explore the capacity of Automatic Text Summarization to overcome the informative loss. To do this we use an automatic summary evaluation protocol without reference (based on the informative content), which computes the divergence between probability distributions of different textual representations: manual and automatic transcriptions and their summaries. After a set of evaluations this analysis allowed us to judge both the quality of the transcriptions in terms of informativeness and to assess the ability of automatic text summarization to compensate the problems raised during the transcription phase.

WiSeBE: Window-based Sentence Boundary Evaluation

Sentence Boundary Detection (SBD) has been a major research topic since Automatic Speech Recognition transcripts have been used for further Natural Language Processing tasks like Part of Speech Tagging, Question Answering or Automatic Summarization. But what about evaluation? Do standard evaluation metrics like precision, recall, F-score or classification error; and more important, evaluating an automatic system against a unique reference is enough to conclude how well a SBD system is performing given the final application of the transcript? In this paper we propose Window-based Sentence Boundary Evaluation (WiSeBE), a semi-supervised metric for evaluating Sentence Boundary Detection systems based on multi-reference (dis)agreement. We evaluate and compare the performance of different SBD systems over a set of Youtube transcripts using WiSeBE and standard metrics. This double evaluation gives an understanding of how WiSeBE is a more reliable metric for the SBD task.

Sentence Boundary Detection for French with Subword-Level Information Vectors and Convolutional Neural Networks

In this work we tackle the problem of sentence boundary detection applied to French as a binary classification task ("sentence boundary" or "not sentence boundary"). We combine convolutional neural networks with subword-level information vectors, which are word embedding representations learned from Wikipedia that take advantage of the words morphology; so each word is represented as a bag of their character n-grams. We decide to use a big written dataset (French Gigaword) instead of standard size transcriptions to train and evaluate the proposed architectures with the intention of using the trained models in posterior real life ASR transcriptions. Three different architectures are tested showing similar results; general accuracy for all models overpasses 0.96. All three models have good F1 scores reaching values over 0.97 regarding the "not sentence boundary" class. However, the "sentence boundary" class reflects lower scores decreasing the F1 metric to 0.778 for one of the models. Using subword-level information vectors seem to be very effective leading to conclude that the morphology of words encoded in the embeddings representations behave like pixels in an image making feasible the use of convolutional neural network architectures.

Efficient Social Network Multilingual Classification using Character, POS n-grams and Dynamic Normalization

In this paper we describe a dynamic normalization process applied to social network multilingual documents (Facebook and Twitter) to improve the performance of the Author profiling task for short texts. After the normalization process, $n$-grams of characters and n-grams of POS tags are obtained to extract all the possible stylistic information encoded in the documents (emoticons, character flooding, capital letters, references to other users, hyperlinks, hashtags, etc.). Experiments with SVM showed up to 90% of performance.