Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA, Department of Electrical, Computer and Systems Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA, Advanced Platform Technology
Abstract:Amphibious robots, operating seamlessly across land and water, are advancing applications in conservation, disaster response, and defense. Their performance depends on locomotion mechanisms, actuation technologies, and sensor-control integration. This review highlights recent progress in these areas, examining movement strategies, material-based actuators, and control systems for autonomy and adaptability. Challenges and opportunities are outlined to guide future research toward more efficient, resilient, and multifunctional amphibious robots.