Design, Locomotion, and Control of Amphibious Robots: Recent Advances

Amphibious robots, operating seamlessly across land and water, are advancing applications in conservation, disaster response, and defense. Their performance depends on locomotion mechanisms, actuation technologies, and sensor-control integration. This review highlights recent progress in these areas, examining movement strategies, material-based actuators, and control systems for autonomy and adaptability. Challenges and opportunities are outlined to guide future research toward more efficient, resilient, and multifunctional amphibious robots.