Flow-based Visual Quality Enhancer for Super-resolution Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI) is an essential tool for quantifying metabolites in the body, but the low spatial resolution limits its clinical applications. Deep learning-based super-resolution methods provided promising results for improving the spatial resolution of MRSI, but the super-resolved images are often blurry compared to the experimentally-acquired high-resolution images. Attempts have been made with the generative adversarial networks to improve the image visual quality. In this work, we consider another type of generative model, the flow-based model, of which the training is more stable and interpretable compared to the adversarial networks. Specifically, we propose a flow-based enhancer network to improve the visual quality of super-resolution MRSI. Different from previous flow-based models, our enhancer network incorporates anatomical information from additional image modalities (MRI) and uses a learnable base distribution. In addition, we impose a guide loss and a data-consistency loss to encourage the network to generate images with high visual quality while maintaining high fidelity. Experiments on a 1H-MRSI dataset acquired from 25 high-grade glioma patients indicate that our enhancer network outperforms the adversarial networks and the baseline flow-based methods. Our method also allows visual quality adjustment and uncertainty estimation.

Multi-scale Super-resolution Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging with Adjustable Sharpness

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI) is a valuable tool for studying metabolic activities in the human body, but the current applications are limited to low spatial resolutions. The existing deep learning-based MRSI super-resolution methods require training a separate network for each upscaling factor, which is time-consuming and memory inefficient. We tackle this multi-scale super-resolution problem using a Filter Scaling strategy that modulates the convolution filters based on the upscaling factor, such that a single network can be used for various upscaling factors. Observing that each metabolite has distinct spatial characteristics, we also modulate the network based on the specific metabolite. Furthermore, our network is conditioned on the weight of adversarial loss so that the perceptual sharpness of the super-resolved metabolic maps can be adjusted within a single network. We incorporate these network conditionings using a novel Multi-Conditional Module. The experiments were carried out on a 1H-MRSI dataset from 15 high-grade glioma patients. Results indicate that the proposed network achieves the best performance among several multi-scale super-resolution methods and can provide super-resolved metabolic maps with adjustable sharpness.