Deep image prior inpainting of ancient frescoes in the Mediterranean Alpine arc

The unprecedented success of image reconstruction approaches based on deep neural networks has revolutionised both the processing and the analysis paradigms in several applied disciplines. In the field of digital humanities, the task of digital reconstruction of ancient frescoes is particularly challenging due to the scarce amount of available training data caused by ageing, wear, tear and retouching over time. To overcome these difficulties, we consider the Deep Image Prior (DIP) inpainting approach which computes appropriate reconstructions by relying on the progressive updating of an untrained convolutional neural network so as to match the reliable piece of information in the image at hand while promoting regularisation elsewhere. In comparison with state-of-the-art approaches (based on variational/PDEs and patch-based methods), DIP-based inpainting reduces artefacts and better adapts to contextual/non-local information, thus providing a valuable and effective tool for art historians. As a case study, we apply such approach to reconstruct missing image contents in a dataset of highly damaged digital images of medieval paintings located into several chapels in the Mediterranean Alpine Arc and provide a detailed description on how visible and invisible (e.g., infrared) information can be integrated for identifying and reconstructing damaged image regions.

Ambiguity in solving imaging inverse problems with deep learning based operators

In recent years, large convolutional neural networks have been widely used as tools for image deblurring, because of their ability in restoring images very precisely. It is well known that image deblurring is mathematically modeled as an ill-posed inverse problem and its solution is difficult to approximate when noise affects the data. Really, one limitation of neural networks for deblurring is their sensitivity to noise and other perturbations, which can lead to instability and produce poor reconstructions. In addition, networks do not necessarily take into account the numerical formulation of the underlying imaging problem, when trained end-to-end. In this paper, we propose some strategies to improve stability without losing to much accuracy to deblur images with deep-learning based methods. First, we suggest a very small neural architecture, which reduces the execution time for training, satisfying a green AI need, and does not extremely amplify noise in the computed image. Second, we introduce a unified framework where a pre-processing step balances the lack of stability of the following, neural network-based, step. Two different pre-processors are presented: the former implements a strong parameter-free denoiser, and the latter is a variational model-based regularized formulation of the latent imaging problem. This framework is also formally characterized by mathematical analysis. Numerical experiments are performed to verify the accuracy and stability of the proposed approaches for image deblurring when unknown or not-quantified noise is present; the results confirm that they improve the network stability with respect to noise. In particular, the model-based framework represents the most reliable trade-off between visual precision and robustness.

To be or not to be stable, that is the question: understanding neural networks for inverse problems

The solution of linear inverse problems arising, for example, in signal and image processing is a challenging problem, since the ill-conditioning amplifies the noise on the data. Recently introduced deep-learning based algorithms overwhelm the more traditional model-based approaches but they typically suffer from instability with respect to data perturbation. In this paper, we theoretically analyse the trade-off between neural networks stability and accuracy in the solution of linear inverse problems. Moreover, we propose different supervised and unsupervised solutions, to increase network stability by maintaining good accuracy, by inheriting, in the network training, regularization from a model-based iterative scheme. Extensive numerical experiments on image deblurring confirm the theoretical results and the effectiveness of the proposed networks in solving inverse problems with stability with respect to noise.

DeepCEL0 for 2D Single Molecule Localization in Fluorescence Microscopy

In fluorescence microscopy, Single Molecule Localization Microscopy (SMLM) techniques aim at localizing with high precision high density fluorescent molecules by stochastically activating and imaging small subsets of blinking emitters. Super Resolution (SR) plays an important role in this field since it allows to go beyond the intrinsic light diffraction limit. In this work, we propose a deep learning-based algorithm for precise molecule localization of high density frames acquired by SMLM techniques whose $\ell_{2}$-based loss function is regularized by positivity and $\ell_{0}$-based constraints. The $\ell_{0}$ is relaxed through its Continuous Exact $\ell_{0}$ (CEL0) counterpart. The arising approach, named DeepCEL0, is parameter-free, more flexible, faster and provides more precise molecule localization maps if compared to the other state-of-the-art methods. We validate our approach on both simulated and real fluorescence microscopy data.

Plug-and-Play external and internal priors for image restoration

Image restoration problems were traditionally formulated as the minimization of variational models, including data-fidelity and regularization terms, performed by optimization methods with well-established convergence properties. Recently, Plug-and-Play (PnP) methods for image restoration have obtained very good results and popularity by introducing, in iterative proximal algorithms, any off-the-shelf denoiser as priors. Deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) denoisers specify external priors (related to an outer training set) which well reflect image statistics; however they fail when dealing with unseen noise variance and image patterns in the given image. Conversely, the so-called internal denoisers induce internal priorsta ilored on the observed data, by forcing specific features on the desired image. We propose a new PnP scheme, based on the Half-Quadratic Splitting proximal algorithm, combining external and internal priors. Moreover, differently from other existing PnP methods, we propose a deep denoiser acting on the image gradient domain. Finally, we prove that a fixed point convergence is guaranteed for the proposed scheme under suitable conditions. In the experimental part, we use CNN denoisers and the Total Variation functional specifying external and internal priors, respectively. We prove the effectiveness of the proposed method in restoring blurred noisy images, both in simulated and real medical settings.

Recursive Deep Prior Video: a Super Resolution algorithm for Time-Lapse Microscopy of organ-on-chip experiments

Biological experiments based on organ-on-chips (OOCs) exploit light Time-Lapse Microscopy (TLM) for a direct observation of cell movement that is an observable signature of underlying biological processes. A high spatial resolution is essential to capture cell dynamics and interactions from recorded experiments by TLM. Unfortunately, due to physical and cost limitations, acquiring high resolution videos is not always possible. To overcome the problem, we present here a new deep learning-based algorithm that extends the well known Deep Image Prior (DIP) to TLM Video Super Resolution (SR) without requiring any training. The proposed Recursive Deep Prior Video (RDPV) method introduces some novelties. The weights of the DIP network architecture are initialized for each of the frames according to a new recursive updating rule combined with an efficient early stopping criterion. Moreover, the DIP loss function is penalized by two different Total Variation (TV) based terms. The method has been validated on synthetic, i.e., artificially generated, as well as real videos from OOC experiments related to tumor-immune interaction. Achieved results are compared with several state-of-the-art trained deep learning SR algorithms showing outstanding performances.

A fast nonconvex Compressed Sensing algorithm for highly low-sampled MR images reconstruction

In this paper we present a fast and efficient method for the reconstruction of Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) from severely under-sampled data. From the Compressed Sensing theory we have mathematically modeled the problem as a constrained minimization problem with a family of non-convex regularizing objective functions depending on a parameter and a least squares data fit constraint. We propose a fast and efficient algorithm, named Fast NonConvex Reweighting (FNCR) algorithm, based on an iterative scheme where the non-convex problem is approximated by its convex linearization and the penalization parameter is automatically updated. The convex problem is solved by a Forward-Backward procedure, where the Backward step is performed by a Split Bregman strategy. Moreover, we propose a new efficient iterative solver for the arising linear systems. We prove the convergence of the proposed FNCR method. The results on synthetic phantoms and real images show that the algorithm is very well performing and computationally efficient, even when compared to the best performing methods proposed in the literature.