The voraus-AD Dataset for Anomaly Detection in Robot Applications

During the operation of industrial robots, unusual events may endanger the safety of humans and the quality of production. When collecting data to detect such cases, it is not ensured that data from all potentially occurring errors is included as unforeseeable events may happen over time. Therefore, anomaly detection (AD) delivers a practical solution, using only normal data to learn to detect unusual events. We introduce a dataset that allows training and benchmarking of anomaly detection methods for robotic applications based on machine data which will be made publicly available to the research community. As a typical robot task the dataset includes a pick-and-place application which involves movement, actions of the end effector and interactions with the objects of the environment. Since several of the contained anomalies are not task-specific but general, evaluations on our dataset are transferable to other robotics applications as well. Additionally, we present MVT-Flow (multivariate time-series flow) as a new baseline method for anomaly detection: It relies on deep-learning-based density estimation with normalizing flows, tailored to the data domain by taking its structure into account for the architecture. Our evaluation shows that MVT-Flow outperforms baselines from previous work by a large margin of 6.2% in area under ROC.

Mirror-Aware Neural Humans

Human motion capture either requires multi-camera systems or is unreliable using single-view input due to depth ambiguities. Meanwhile, mirrors are readily available in urban environments and form an affordable alternative by recording two views with only a single camera. However, the mirror setting poses the additional challenge of handling occlusions of real and mirror image. Going beyond existing mirror approaches for 3D human pose estimation, we utilize mirrors for learning a complete body model, including shape and dense appearance. Our main contributions are extending articulated neural radiance fields to include a notion of a mirror, making it sample-efficient over potential occlusion regions. Together, our contributions realize a consumer-level 3D motion capture system that starts from off-the-shelf 2D poses by automatically calibrating the camera, estimating mirror orientation, and subsequently lifting 2D keypoint detections to 3D skeleton pose that is used to condition the mirror-aware NeRF. We empirically demonstrate the benefit of learning a body model and accounting for occlusion in challenging mirror scenes.

Pose Modulated Avatars from Video

It is now possible to reconstruct dynamic human motion and shape from a sparse set of cameras using Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) driven by an underlying skeleton. However, a challenge remains to model the deformation of cloth and skin in relation to skeleton pose. Unlike existing avatar models that are learned implicitly or rely on a proxy surface, our approach is motivated by the observation that different poses necessitate unique frequency assignments. Neglecting this distinction yields noisy artifacts in smooth areas or blurs fine-grained texture and shape details in sharp regions. We develop a two-branch neural network that is adaptive and explicit in the frequency domain. The first branch is a graph neural network that models correlations among body parts locally, taking skeleton pose as input. The second branch combines these correlation features to a set of global frequencies and then modulates the feature encoding. Our experiments demonstrate that our network outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of preserving details and generalization capabilities.

Hinge-Wasserstein: Mitigating Overconfidence in Regression by Classification

Modern deep neural networks are prone to being overconfident despite their drastically improved performance. In ambiguous or even unpredictable real-world scenarios, this overconfidence can pose a major risk to the safety of applications. For regression tasks, the regression-by-classification approach has the potential to alleviate these ambiguities by instead predicting a discrete probability density over the desired output. However, a density estimator still tends to be overconfident when trained with the common NLL loss. To mitigate the overconfidence problem, we propose a loss function, hinge-Wasserstein, based on the Wasserstein Distance. This loss significantly improves the quality of both aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty, compared to previous work. We demonstrate the capabilities of the new loss on a synthetic dataset, where both types of uncertainty are controlled separately. Moreover, as a demonstration for real-world scenarios, we evaluate our approach on the benchmark dataset Horizon Lines in the Wild. On this benchmark, using the hinge-Wasserstein loss reduces the Area Under Sparsification Error (AUSE) for horizon parameters slope and offset, by 30.47% and 65.00%, respectively.

GMSF: Global Matching Scene Flow

We tackle the task of scene flow estimation from point clouds. Given a source and a target point cloud, the objective is to estimate a translation from each point in the source point cloud to the target, resulting in a 3D motion vector field. Previous dominant scene flow estimation methods require complicated coarse-to-fine or recurrent architectures as a multi-stage refinement. In contrast, we propose a significantly simpler single-scale one-shot global matching to address the problem. Our key finding is that reliable feature similarity between point pairs is essential and sufficient to estimate accurate scene flow. To this end, we propose to decompose the feature extraction step via a hybrid local-global-cross transformer architecture which is crucial to accurate and robust feature representations. Extensive experiments show that GMSF sets a new state-of-the-art on multiple scene flow estimation benchmarks. On FlyingThings3D, with the presence of occlusion points, GMSF reduces the outlier percentage from the previous best performance of 27.4% to 11.7%. On KITTI Scene Flow, without any fine-tuning, our proposed method shows state-of-the-art performance.

DiffPose: Multi-hypothesis Human Pose Estimation using Diffusion models

Traditionally, monocular 3D human pose estimation employs a machine learning model to predict the most likely 3D pose for a given input image. However, a single image can be highly ambiguous and induces multiple plausible solutions for the 2D-3D lifting step which results in overly confident 3D pose predictors. To this end, we propose \emph{DiffPose}, a conditional diffusion model, that predicts multiple hypotheses for a given input image. In comparison to similar approaches, our diffusion model is straightforward and avoids intensive hyperparameter tuning, complex network structures, mode collapse, and unstable training. Moreover, we tackle a problem of the common two-step approach that first estimates a distribution of 2D joint locations via joint-wise heatmaps and consecutively approximates them based on first- or second-moment statistics. Since such a simplification of the heatmaps removes valid information about possibly correct, though labeled unlikely, joint locations, we propose to represent the heatmaps as a set of 2D joint candidate samples. To extract information about the original distribution from these samples we introduce our \emph{embedding transformer} that conditions the diffusion model. Experimentally, we show that DiffPose slightly improves upon the state of the art for multi-hypothesis pose estimation for simple poses and outperforms it by a large margin for highly ambiguous poses.

Asymmetric Student-Teacher Networks for Industrial Anomaly Detection

Industrial defect detection is commonly addressed with anomaly detection (AD) methods where no or only incomplete data of potentially occurring defects is available. This work discovers previously unknown problems of student-teacher approaches for AD and proposes a solution, where two neural networks are trained to produce the same output for the defect-free training examples. The core assumption of student-teacher networks is that the distance between the outputs of both networks is larger for anomalies since they are absent in training. However, previous methods suffer from the similarity of student and teacher architecture, such that the distance is undesirably small for anomalies. For this reason, we propose asymmetric student-teacher networks (AST). We train a normalizing flow for density estimation as a teacher and a conventional feed-forward network as a student to trigger large distances for anomalies: The bijectivity of the normalizing flow enforces a divergence of teacher outputs for anomalies compared to normal data. Outside the training distribution the student cannot imitate this divergence due to its fundamentally different architecture. Our AST network compensates for wrongly estimated likelihoods by a normalizing flow, which was alternatively used for anomaly detection in previous work. We show that our method produces state-of-the-art results on the two currently most relevant defect detection datasets MVTec AD and MVTec 3D-AD regarding image-level anomaly detection on RGB and 3D data.

AutoLink: Self-supervised Learning of Human Skeletons and Object Outlines by Linking Keypoints

Structured representations such as keypoints are widely used in pose transfer, conditional image generation, animation, and 3D reconstruction. However, their supervised learning requires expensive annotation for each target domain. We propose a self-supervised method that learns to disentangle object structure from the appearance with a graph of 2D keypoints linked by straight edges. Both the keypoint location and their pairwise edge weights are learned, given only a collection of images depicting the same object class. The graph is interpretable, for example, AutoLink recovers the human skeleton topology when applied to images showing people. Our key ingredients are i) an encoder that predicts keypoint locations in an input image, ii) a shared graph as a latent variable that links the same pairs of keypoints in every image, iii) an intermediate edge map that combines the latent graph edge weights and keypoint locations in a soft, differentiable manner, and iv) an inpainting objective on randomly masked images. Although simpler, AutoLink outperforms existing self-supervised methods on the established keypoint and pose estimation benchmarks and paves the way for structure-conditioned generative models on more diverse datasets.

LatentKeypointGAN: Controlling Images via Latent Keypoints -- Extended Abstract

Generative adversarial networks (GANs) can now generate photo-realistic images. However, how to best control the image content remains an open challenge. We introduce LatentKeypointGAN, a two-stage GAN internally conditioned on a set of keypoints and associated appearance embeddings providing control of the position and style of the generated objects and their respective parts. A major difficulty that we address is disentangling the image into spatial and appearance factors with little domain knowledge and supervision signals. We demonstrate in a user study and quantitative experiments that LatentKeypointGAN provides an interpretable latent space that can be used to re-arrange the generated images by re-positioning and exchanging keypoint embeddings, such as generating portraits by combining the eyes, and mouth from different images. Notably, our method does not require labels as it is self-supervised and thereby applies to diverse application domains, such as editing portraits, indoor rooms, and full-body human poses.